Ontology, or the Theory of BeingCoffey, P. (Peter)
Philosophy
Ontology, or the Theory of Being
Coffey, P. (Peter)
Ontology
It has been questioned whether this latter kind of abstraction is
always used in relating generic, specific, and differential modes
of being. At first sight it would not appear to be a quite
satisfactory account of the process in cases where the generic
notion exhibits a mode of being which can be embodied only in one
or other of a number of alternative specific modes by means of
_differentiae_ not found in any things lying outside the genus
itself. The generic notion of “plane rectilinear figure” does not,
of course, include explicitly its species “triangle,”
“quadrilateral,” “pentagon,” etc.; nor does it include even
implicitly any definite one of them. But the concept of each of
the differentiating characters, _e.g._ the _differentia_
“three-sidedness,” is unintelligible except as a mode of a “plane
rectilinear figure”.(51) This, however, is only accidental, _i.e._
due to the special objects considered;(52) and even here there
persists this difference that whereas what differentiates the
species of plane rectilinear figures is not explicitly and
formally plane-rectilinearity, that which differentiates finite
from infinite being, or substantial from accidental being, is
itself also formally and explicitly _being_. But there are other
cases in which the abstraction is manifestly objective. Thus, for
example, the differentiating concept “rational” does not even
implicitly include the generic concept “animal,” for the former
concept may be found realized in beings other than animals; and
the differentiating concept “living” does not even implicitly
include the concept “corporeal,” for it may be found realized in
incorporeal beings.
(_f_) Since the notion of being is so simple that it cannot be analysed
into simpler notions which might serve as its _genus_ and _differentia_,
it _cannot_ strictly speaking _be defined_. We can only describe it by
considering it from various points of view and comparing it with the
various modes in which we find it realized. This is what we have been
attempting so far. Considering its fundamental relation to existence we
might say that “Being is that which exists or is at least capable of
existing”: _Ens est id quod existit vel saltem existere potest._ Or,
considering its relation to its opposite we might say that “Being is that
which is not absolute nothingness”: _Ens est id quod non est nihil
absolutum._ Or, considering its relation to our minds, we might say that
“Being is whatever is thinkable, whatever can be an object of thought”.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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