For the first duty, _Reconnaissance_, Cavalry must try to find out the strength and situation of the enemy’s forces, and the direction in which they are moving. For the second duty, _Protection_, Cavalry must form a screen along the front of the Army, so as to shelter it from being observed by the enemy’s Cavalry, and to give early notice of the direction of any attack. These two duties of Cavalry cannot be performed by the same body. To get _information_ Cavalry must be able to break through the enemy’s screen, which can only be effected by beating his Cavalry, and requires concentration of force. Reconnoitring Cavalry will often also have to work round the flanks of the enemy. Both these modes of action must necessarily leave a large portion of the front of its own army uncovered. On the other hand, _protection_ demands a dispersion of the Cavalry along the whole front of the Army, which is exactly opposed to the concentration generally required for effective reconnaissance. Again, reconnoitring Cavalry is only concerned with keeping in touch with the enemy, while protective Cavalry must remain in touch with its own army. The distinction between these functions of Reconnaissance and Protection has become recognized of late years, owing to the increased importance of the Strategical direction of the large masses of troops now in the field, which are not easily diverted when once set in motion, and are more than ever dependent on their Lines of Communication. Their Commander needs constant and recent information about the enemy, by which to direct his movements and secure his flanks from attack. Hence has arisen the practice of providing two distinct bodies of Cavalry--the _Independent Cavalry_, for reconnaissance by independent action at a distance in front of the Army; and the _Protective Cavalry_, spread over a wide area along the front of the Army so as to form a screen. In both cases the Cavalry effect the object by sending out squadrons, which furnish patrolling parties. The duty of these is not only to discover the enemy’s movements, but to make such arrangements for transmitting the information gained that it shall reach Head-Quarters with rapidity and certainty. 2. ARTILLERY Artillery is the most powerful and far-reaching of the Arms in its _fire_ effect, but cannot act by _shock_. It is the only Arm that can strike the others at such a distance that they cannot retaliate, and can injure material objects. Its _morale_ is less liable than that of the other Arms to fail in battle, as Artillery is more dependent on the mechanical than the human element for its action. The guns, too--to which the personnel is attached by sentiment and duty--give a definite point to hold to when other troops are falling back. It is on all these grounds a valuable auxiliary to the other Arms. DISADVANTAGES OF ARTILLERY