It is just the reverse in Europe. The old languages have a number of names which seem to be original. _Brassica rapa_ is called _meipen_ or _erfinen_[67] in Wales; _repa_ and _rippa_ in several Slav tongues,[68] which answers to the Latin _rapa_, and is allied to the _neipa_ of the Anglo-Saxons. The _Brassica napus_ is in Welsh _bresych yr yd_; in Erse _braisscagh buigh_, according to Threlkeld,[69] who sees in _braisscagh_ the root of the Latin _Brassica_. A Polish name, _karpiele_, a Lithuanian, _jellazoji_,[70] are also given, without speaking of a host of other names, transferred sometimes in popular speech from one species to another. I shall speak of the names of _Brassica oleracea_ when I come to vegetables. The Hebrews had no names for cabbages, rapes, and turnips,[71] but there are Arab names: _selgam_ for the _Br. napus_, and _subjum_ or _subjumi_ for _Br. rapa_; words which recur in Persian and even in Bengali, transferred perhaps from one species to another. The cultivation of these plants has therefore been diffused in the south-west of Asia since Hebrew antiquity. Finally, every method, whether botanical, historical, or philological, leads us to the following conclusions:— Firstly, the _Brassicæ_ with fleshy roots were originally natives of temperate Europe. Secondly, their cultivation was diffused in Europe before, and in Asia after, the Aryan invasion. Thirdly, the primitive slender-rooted form of _Brassica napus_, called _Br. campestris_, had probably from the beginning a more extended range, from the Scandinavian peninsula towards Siberia and the Caucasus. Its cultivation was perhaps introduced into China and Japan, through Siberia, at an epoch which appears not to be much earlier than Greco-Roman civilization. Fourthly, the cultivation of the various forms or species of _Brassica_ was diffused throughout the south-west of Asia at an epoch later than that of the ancient Hebrews. +Skirret+—_Sium Sisarum_, Linnæus. This vivacious Umbellifer, furnished with several diverging roots in the form of a carrot, is believed to come from Eastern Asia. Linnæus indicates China, doubtfully; and Loureiro,[72] China and Cochin-China, where he says it is cultivated. Others have mentioned Japan and the Corea, but in these countries there are species which it is easy to confound with the one in question, particularly _Sium Ninsi_ and _Panax Ginseng_. Maximowicz,[73] who has seen these plants in China and in Japan, and who has studied the herbariums of St. Petersburgh, recognizes only the Altaic region of Siberia and the North of Persia as the home of the wild _Sium Sisarum_. I am very doubtful whether it is to be found in the Himalayas or in China, since modern works on the region of the river Amoor and on British India make no mention of it.