Transcriber’s Note: Inconsistent hyphenation, capitalization, and spelling in the original document have been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. The following inconsistencies were noted and retained: Lorimier’s Fork, Lorimie’s Fork and Larimie’s Fork may be the same place. Grand Mannan and Grand Manan may be the same place. J. R. Poinsett and Joel Poinsett may be the same person. Mr Abbot and Mr Abbott may be the same person. The following are possible errors, but retained: Arkansa River should possibly be Arkansas. gambling should possibly be gambolling. Download Volume 1 at https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/56989. Download Volume 2 at https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47191. Download Volume 3 at https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69403. ORNITHOLOGICAL BIOGRAPHY. ORNITHOLOGICAL BIOGRAPHY, OR AN ACCOUNT OF THE HABITS OF THE BIRDS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ACCOMPANIED BY DESCRIPTIONS OF THE OBJECTS REPRESENTED IN THE WORK ENTITLED BIRDS OF AMERICA, TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF MANY OF THE SPECIES, ILLUSTRATED BY ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD. BY JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, F.R.SS.L.&E. FELLOW OF THE LINNEAN AND ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON; MEMBER OF THE LYCEUM OF NEW YORK, OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF PARIS, THE WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY OF MANCHESTER, AND OF THE SCOTTISH ACADEMY OF PAINTING, SCULPTURE, AND ARCHITECTURE; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES AT PHILADELPHIA, OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETIES OF BOSTON, OF CHARLESTON IN SOUTH CAROLINA, THE QUEBEC LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, THE ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, &C. &C. VOL. IV. EDINBURGH: ADAM & CHARLES BLACK, EDINBURGH: LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN & LONGMANS, LONDON; R. HAVELL, ENGRAVER, 77. OXFORD STREET, LONDON; ALEXANDER HILL, EDINBURGH; AND GEORGE SMITH, LIVERPOOL. MDCCCXXXVIII. PRINTED BY NEILL AND CO., OLD FISHMARKET, EDINBURGH. INTRODUCTION.