Ornithological biography, Vol. 4 (of 5) : $b An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of AmericaAudubon, John James
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Ornithological biography, Vol. 4 (of 5) : $b An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America
Audubon, John James
Birds -- North America
Bill shorter than the head, higher than broad at the base, gradually
depressed toward the end, the sides nearly parallel, the tip rounded.
Upper mandible with the basal angles inconspicuous, the dorsal line
descending and straight to the unguis, then convex and decurved, the
ridge broad and flattened at the base, convex toward the end, the
sides sloping and convex, the unguis roundish, the edges membranous,
very narrow at the base, enlarged towards the end, with about thirty
lamellæ ending in a projecting point. Nostrils sub-basal, oblong,
direct, large, pervious, near the ridge, in an oblong groove with a
soft membrane. Lower mandible flat, a little curved upwards, the angle
very long and narrow, the unguis broad and rounded, the erect edges
with about forty direct lamellæ.
Head oblong, compressed, of moderate size. Eyes of moderate size. Neck
rather short. Body compact, rather elongated, and somewhat depressed.
Feet short, stout, placed rather far behind; tarsus very short,
compressed, anteriorly with a series of small scutella, externally of
which are five in a line with the outer toe, the rest reticulated with
angular scales. Hind toe very small, with a free membrane beneath;
outer toe, which is the longest, almost double the length of the
tarsus, middle toe scarcely shorter than outer; anterior toes with
numerous narrow scutella, webbed, the margin of the webs concave; inner
toe with a two-lobed expanded margin. Claws small, slightly arched,
blunt.
Plumage dense, blended, elastic, stiffish; but soft and glossy on the
head; the feathers broad and slightly rounded at the end. Scapulars
elongated, acuminate, the posterior decurved over the wing. Wings
shortish, narrow, pointed; primary quills curved, strong, tapering, the
second longest, exceeding the first by about one twelfth of an inch,
the rest rapidly decreasing; secondaries broad and rounded, the inner
elongated and pointed. Tail of fourteen pointed feathers, the outer
very short, the middle extremely attenuated and slightly recurved, the
intermediate proportional.
Bill black in its basal half, orange-yellow towards the end, the
unguis bluish-grey. Iris bright carmine. Feet light bluish-grey, the
webs dusky, claws black. A large oblong greyish white patch on each
side of the head from the bill to behind the ear; the upper part of
the head and nape black, that colour being narrowed in front by the
encroachment of the white patches. The neck all round, and anterior
half of the breast, of a rich dark chocolate-brown; the back and
wing-coverts brownish-black; the scapulars broadly margined with
light reddish-brown; the quills are of the same chocolate tint as the
breast, the secondaries margined externally with lighter, the primaries
internally. The middle four feathers of the tail brownish-black, the
outer two of these slightly margined with white, all the rest white,
but the inner with a longitudinal dusky patch on the outer web.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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