Ornithological biography, Vol. 4 (of 5) : $b An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of AmericaAudubon, John James
Science
Ornithological biography, Vol. 4 (of 5) : $b An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America
Audubon, John James
Birds -- North America
scattered over its surface. The pylorus is small, having a diameter
of nearly 3 twelfths, and a marginal flap or valve on one side. The
intestine, _f_, _g_, _h_, is of moderate length, measuring 53 inches.
The duodenum _at first passes upwards_ in the direction of the liver
for 2 inches, _f g_, is then recurved for 3 inches, _g_, _h_, ascends
for 4 inches, _h_, _i_, and receives the biliary ducts, then passes
toward the spine and forms a curvature. The average diameter of the
intestine is 5 twelfths at the upper part, and it gradually contracts
to 3 twelfths. The rectum, _k_, measured to the anus is 5-1/4 inches.
It gradually enlarges from 4 to 6-1/2 twelfths. The cloaca, _m_, is
globular, 9 twelfths long, 8 twelfths broad. The cœca are 3 twelfths
long, 1-1/2 twelfth broad.
[Illustration]
The lobes of the liver are extremely unequal, as is always the case
when the stomach or the proventriculus is excessively large, the right
lobe being 2-3/4 inches long, the left 1 inch and 8 twelfths. The
gall-bladder, _n_, is very large, of an oblong form, rounded at both
ends, 1 inch and 8 twelfths long.
The trachea is 12 inches long, moderately ossified, round, its diameter
at the top 7 twelfths, gradually narrowing to 4 twelfths; the rings
124, the lower 4 united, The bronchi are large, their diameter greater
than that of the lower part of the trachea; of 25 cartilaginous
half-rings. The lateral or contractor muscles of the trachea are of
moderate strength; the sterno-tracheals strong; a pair of inferior
laryngeal muscles attached to the glandular-looking, yellowish-white
bodies inserted upon the membrane between the first and second rings of
the bronchi.
The olfactory nerve comes off from the extreme anterior point of the
cerebrum, enters a canal in the spongy tissue of the bone, and runs in
it close to the septum between the eyes for 10 twelfths of an inch,
with a slight curve. It then enters the nasal cavity, which is of an
irregular triangular form, 1-1/2 inch long at the external or palatal
aperture, 10 twelfths in height. The supramaxillary branch of the
fifth pair runs along the upper edge of the orbit, and by a canal in
the spongy tissue of the bones, enters the great cavity of the upper
mandible, keeping nearer its lower surface, and there branching. This
cavity appears to have no communication with the nasal; nor has the
latter any passage towards the obliterated external nostrils. The
lachrymal duct passes obliquely inwards from the anterior corner of
the eye, and enters the nasal cavity by an aperture 1/2 twelfth in
diameter, near its anterior margin.
In the cloaca was found a solid calculus, half an inch in diameter, of
an irregular form, white within, externally pale yellowish-brown, and
marked with grooves impressed by the action of the sphincter ani.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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