ZACHARY TAYLOR “ 94 MILLARD FILLMORE “ 106 FRANKLIN PIERCE “ 114 JAMES BUCHANAN “ 130 ABRAHAM LINCOLN “ 154 ANDREW JOHNSON “ 182 ULYSSES S. GRANT “ 202 RUTHERFORD B. HAYES “ 244 JAMES A. GARFIELD “ 270 CHESTER A. ARTHUR “ 274 GROVER CLEVELAND “ 288 BENJAMIN HARRISON “ 316 WILLIAM McKINLEY “ 360 INTRODUCTION The crux of American politics is the quadrennial election of President. In the ebb and flow of our political activity the flood-tide comes in the Presidential contests. There are often tumultuous struggles and decisive events in the intervals, but their political effect and all the issues and movements of parties crystallize in the recurring conflict for the possession of the chief executive power. Our American system makes the President the centre and focus of political life. He is at once Prime Minister and independent executive. He blends the functions of what in parliamentary government is the head of the Cabinet, and what in other government is the head of the State. He is a vital part of the legislative power without being amenable to its control or dependent on its life. He is the framer of policies and the arbiter of parties. All this makes the election of President the central chord and the arterial force of our broad political action.