In considering the application, or rather the relation of physiology to philosophy in general, the philosophy of mind will be particularly dwelt upon. In considering the application of physiology to the fine arts, the error in the construction of the antique statues, and of those of Michael Angelo, both with regard to the individual muscles supposed to be brought into action, and with regard to a hitherto unobserved principle of attitude, will be carefully pointed out. In considering the application of physiology to the medical and surgical arts, a view of a new, simple and impressive natural system of medical science in general, and of its first principles as an art, will be exhibited; and rules will also be given for performing surgical operations with the utmost precision and ease, upon the principle of an invariable relation between the arrangement of internal, and the situation of certain external parts, which consequently form accurate signs of that arrangement. * * * * * I may now observe, that the series of beings which the arrangement I have just delivered involves, all more or less evidence the phenomena of life and intellect, as well as exhibit structure, and I may conclude with a few observations concerning these phenomena. Minerals have properly been said to exist, plants to exist and live, animals to exist, live and think. These are all modifications of each other, as I shall afterwards shew; but, at present, I shall limit my observations to the two last of these classes, and to the additional phenomena, namely those of life and intellect, which they more strikingly exhibit. I shall not, however, like some of the most celebrated modern physiologists, occupy my preliminary lectures with long details concerning their nature; but, as I reckon life to be the mere result of organization, I shall, throughout the course, illustrate it in connexion with those organs on which it depends, and shall, at present, only take a general view of its nature. Life is a term which some philosophers have hitherto inaccurately employed as expressing an imaginary principle, though it merely designates a series of dependent actions. This they were doubtless induced to do by that artifice which has ever induced weak men to assume an air of knowledge by giving a particular name to what they did not understand; and the same artifice still induces such persons to blame those who endeavour to explain the phenomena of life according to obvious physical laws, precisely because a successful explanation would at once exhibit their ignorance and their desire to conceal it.