23. =THE LATIN ELEMENT OF THE SECOND PERIOD= (i).--This element was not introduced by the Romans themselves, but by Christian missionaries who came from Rome, sent by Pope Gregory the Great to convert, not the Britons, but the English, to Christianity. A band of forty monks, with St Augustine at their head, landed in Kent in the year 597. For four centuries from this date a large number of Latin words came into the English language, chiefly words relating to the church and church observances. =Church Terms.=--_Calic_, from _calix_, a cup; _cluster_, from _claustrum_, a closed place; _priest_, from _presbyter_, an elder; _sanct_, from _sanctus_, a holy man; _sacrament_, from _sacramentum_, a sacred oath; _predician_, from _prædicare_, to declare; _regul_, from _regula_, a straight piece of wood. But the old form of most of these words has disappeared, to make room for Norman-French forms from the same Latin source. Along with these were adopted a few Greek words--such as _bishop_, from _episkopos_, an overseer; _angel_, from _anggelos_, a messenger; _apostle_, from _apostolos_, a person sent; _monk_, from _monăchos_,[7] a person who lives alone; and a few others. 24. =THE LATIN ELEMENT OF THE SECOND PERIOD= (ii).--The introduction of Christianity proved to be the beginning of an intercourse with Rome, Italys, and the Continent; and this intercourse brought with it commerce. Commerce imported many new things; and the names of these things came into the island along with the things themselves. Thus we have _butter_ from _butŷrum_; _cheese_ from _caseus_; and _tunic_ from _tunica_. We have also _fig_ from _ficus_; _pear_ from _pirum_; _lettuce_ from _lactuca_, which itself comes from _lac_--milk (and hence means _the milky plant_); and _pease_ from _pisum_. (_Pease_ is really the singular; and _pea_ is a false singular--not a plural.) We have also from the same source some names of animals. Such are _camel_ from _camēlus_; _lion_ from _leo_; _oyster_ from _ostrea_; _trout_ from _trutta_. A few miscellaneous words have also come to us from this quarter--such as _pound_ from the Latin _pondus_, a weight; _candle_ from _candēla_; and _table_ from _tabŭla_. The Latin word _uncia_, which means the twelfth part of anything, is, as it were, split up into two--and gives the two words _inch_ and _ounce_, which are fundamentally but two forms of one word. (But with regard to this class of words also it should be observed that the words directly introduced from the Latin have either been greatly changed in form; or they have been subsequently borrowed again from the French.)