the language of the upper classes, several thousand French words had found their way into our vocabulary, which had become to a large extent _bilingual_.[8] 29. =NORMAN-FRENCH= (ii).--The words which have been introduced into our pure English speech from the Normans fall easily into classes. (_a_) =Feudalism[9] and War.=--Armour, chivalry, captain, battle, duke, fealty, realm. The English word for _armour_ was _harness_; and Macaulay uses _harness_ in this sense in one of his _Lays_: Now while the three were tightening Their harness on their backs. --_Chivalry_ comes from the Fr. _cheval_, which is a broken-down form of the Low Latin word _caballus_, a horse.--_Captain_ comes from the Lat. _caput_, a head.--_Battle_ comes from the Fr. _battre_, to beat.--_Duke_ comes from the Fr. _duc_--which comes from the Lat. _dux_ (accusative _ducem_, most French nouns being borrowed from the accusative, not the nominative form of the Latin noun), a leader.--_Fealty_ is the Norman-French form of the word _fidelity_, from the Lat. _fidelitas_, faithfulness.--_Real-m_ is the noun from the adjective _real_, which comes from Lat. _regal-is_; it is the land ruled over by a _rex_ or _ré_ (a king). 30. (_b_) =Hunting.=--Forest, leveret, quarry, couple, venison. _Forest_ comes from the Low Lat.[10] _foresta_; from Lat. _foris_, out-of-doors. A forest does not necessarily contain trees; it is merely the name for the _open_ hunting-ground as contrasted with the inclosed space called a park.--_Leveret_, a young hare, from the Fr. _lièvre_; from the Lat. _lepus_ (_-oris_).--_Quarry_ comes from the Lat. _cor_, the heart, and at first meant the heart and intestines, which were thrown to the dogs who hunted down the wild beast. Milton has the phrase, ‘scents his quarry from afar.’--_Couple_ comes from the Lat. _copula_, a band.--_Venison_ means _hunted flesh_, and comes from the Fr. _venaison_, which comes from the Lat. verb _venari_, to hunt. 31. (_c_) =Cookery.=--Beef, veal, pork, mutton, pullet. The Saxon hind had the charge of the cattle and animals on the farm while they were alive; but he never saw anything of them after they were killed. He never met them at dinner. The flesh of these animals received French names from the Norman-Frenchmen who ate them; and their Saxon or English names were forgotten. A German says _calf’s flesh_, but we use the Norman-French word _veal_. Thus the corresponding English words to those printed above are _ox_, _calf_, _swine_, _sheep_, and _fowl_. The word _beef_ comes from the Fr. _bœuf_, which comes from the Lat. _bos_ (acc. _bovem_), an ox.--_Veal_ comes from the old French word _veel_, which comes from the Lat. _vitellus_, a little calf.--_Pork_ comes from Fr. _porc_, which is derived from the Lat. _porcus_, a pig.--_Mutton_ comes from the Fr. _mouton_, from the Low Latin word _multo_, a sheep.--_Pullet_ comes from Fr. _poulet_, which comes from the Low Latin word _pulla_, a hen.