=-dom=; kingdom, earldom, freedom, thraldom, wisdom, martyrdom, Christendom. =-hood=, or =-head=; manhood, boyhood, childhood, priesthood, Godhead, hardihood, neighbourhood, wifehood. =-ing=; hunting, blessing, standing, reading, clothing. =-ness=; witness (= a person who _wits_ or knows), wilderness, darkness, goodness, redness, weakness, hardness. =-red=; hatred, kindred. =-ship=, =-scape=; friendship, lordship, worship (= worthship), hardship, fellowship, landscape (in Milton, _landskip_: compare _skipper_ for _shipper_). =-t=, =-th=, =-st=, =-d=; weight, height, sleight (from _sly_), gift, rift (from _rive_), theft, drought (from _dry_), frost, flight, warmth, health, width, death, birth, sloth (from _slow_), trust (from _trow_, to believe), flood (from _flow_), seed (from _sow_). 4. _Diminutives_: =-el= or =-le=; thimble (from _thumb_), riddle (from _read_). =-en=; maiden, kitten, chicken. =-ing=; farthing, tithing (from _tithe_ = tenth), riding (from _thrid_ = third). =-kin=; lambkin, mannikin, pipkin. =-ling= (= _l_ + _ing_); darling (from _dear_), duckling, suckling, hireling, gosling, fatling, firstling, nestling, underling, starveling, suckling. =-ock=; bullock, hillock, paddock. =-y=, =-ie=; lassie, Annie, Charlie, baby, Tommy, doggie. =Adjective Suffixes.= =-d= or =-ed= (originally a perfect participle-ending); hard, cold, loud: also added to nouns, as gifted, wretched, ragged, long-eared, feathered, landed. =-el= or =-le=; fickle, brittle, little, idle, mickle (from _much_). =-er=; lower, higher, brighter, sooner. =-er=; bitter, clever. =-ern=, denoting the region of the globe; northern, eastern, southern, western. =-est=; lowest, highest, brightest, soonest. =-fold=; manifold, twofold, threefold, hundredfold, etc. =-ful=; scornful, sinful, wilful, truthful, tearful, needful, awful, dreadful, sorrowful. =-ish=, =-sh=, or =-ch=, denotes partaking of the nature of; childish, foolish, slavish, swinish, churlish, waspish, whitish, goodish, brutish, girlish, boyish. =-less= denotes destitute of; worthless, fearless, heedless, hopeless, tearless, sinless, godless, lawless, toothless. =-like=, =-ly=, denotes like; warlike, childlike, womanly, manly, heavenly, godly, ghastly, likely. =-n= or =-en= (also a perfect participle-ending); drunken, shaken, broken, molten, shorn, torn. It also denotes the material of which a thing is made, as golden, linen, wooden, silvern, flaxen, hempen, leathern. =-some= denotes the possession of a quality; wholesome, blithesome, gladsome, winsome, lissom (from _lithe_), buxom (that is, _buhsum_, from _bugan_, to bend), quarrelsome, tiresome.