=-t= (like =d=), probably perfect participial ending; short (from _sceran_, to shear), blunt, tight, slight. =-ward= denotes direction; homeward, heavenward, seaward, northward, awkward (from _awk_, contrary), toward, froward (from _from_). =-y= or =-ey= denotes the possession of a quality; bloody, thirsty, guilty, woody, mighty, healthy, greedy, moody, sundry (from _sunder_), sticky, sorry (from _sore_), hairy, bushy, stony, clayey. =Verb Suffixes.= =-el= or =-le= gives a frequentative meaning to the verb; waddle (from _wade_), startle, sparkle, dazzle (from _daze_), dribble (from _drip_), swaddle (from _swathe_), dapple (from _dip_), crawl, kneel (from _knee_), struggle, mingle, hurtle. =-en= denotes making or doing; fatten, broaden, soften, open (from _up_), lighten, sadden, gladden, sweeten, frighten, lengthen. =-er=, also frequentative; glimmer, stagger, patter, flitter, flutter, wander, batter, sputter, stutter. =-k=, also frequentative; stalk (from _steal_), hark (from _hear_), walk. =Adverb Suffixes.= =-ere= denotes place in which; here, there, where. =-es=, =-se=, =-ce=, =-s=, which are old (possessive) genitive terminations; sometimes, besides, unawares, else, twice (= twiës), thrice, hence, thence, whence, needs, outwards. =-ly= denotes manner; sweetly, sadly, cleanly. =-ther= denotes direction towards; hither, thither, whither. =-ward=, =-wards=, denote direction; homeward, homewards, heavenward, heavenwards, hitherward, inwards. =-wise=, =-ways=, denote manner or fashion; otherwise, anywise, nowise, straightway, alway, always, sideways, lengthways. 5. =LATIN.= =Noun Suffixes.= 1. _Those denoting persons or the doer of an action_: =-an=, =-ain=; artisan, grammarian, villain. =-ant= or =-ent=; agent, student, assistant, attendant, recreant, tenant, miscreant. =-ate=, =-ee=, =-ey=, =-y=; legate, magistrate, advocate, curate, nominee, trustee, legatee, committee, attorney, covey, ally, deputy, jury. =-ess= denotes a fem. agent; governess, traitress, empress, duchess. =-ive=, =-iff=; captive, fugitive, caitiff, plaintiff. =-tor=, =-sor=, =-or=, =-our=, =-er=, =-eer=, =-ier=, =-ar=, =-ary=; doctor, successor, chancellor, emperor, actor, Saviour, founder, enchanter, governor, preacher, juror, author, monitor, victor, auditor, sponsor, engineer, auctioneer, grenadier, brigadier, registrar, usher, archer, farrier, vicar, premier, lapidary. =-trix=, female agent; executrix. 2. _Those forming Abstract Nouns_: =-age=; age, homage, savage, marriage, voyage, tillage, courage, personage, breakage, salvage. (Tonnage, bondage, shrinkage are hybrids.)