Again, the inflections of these three languages are very similar--are in fact, different shapes of the same changes. Thus the possessive case of nouns in all three languages ends in =s= or =es=[3] or =’s=. The second person singular of verbs in all three ends in _st_; and the ending of the past participle in all three is generally _en_. We know, then, both from history and from a comparison of the actual facts in the present state of the languages, that all three are sister-tongues. 9. =WHERE THE ENGLISH CAME FROM.=--Those Teutons who brought over the English tongue to this island, came from the north-west of Europe--most of them from that part of the German coast which lies between the river Elbe and the river Weser. The kind of Low-German spoken by them is much the same as that still spoken in the lowlands of Hanover, Holstein, and Schleswig. There is in Holstein--upon the west coast--a small district which is called =Angeln=--that is, _England_--to this day. The Teutons who came over to Britain belonged to three tribes. They were =Jutes= and =Angles= and =Saxons=. The Jutes came from Jutland.[4] The Angles came from Schleswig and Holstein. The Saxons came from Hanover and the land to the west of it. The Jutes settled in Kent and the Isle of Wight. The Saxons settled in Essex (or East Sex), Wessex[5] (or West Sex), Sussex (or South Sex), and Middlesex; and the ending _sex_ is an indication of the fact. The Angles settled chiefly in the north and east. One of the kingdoms founded by them was called East Anglia; and the northern and southern settlers in it gave their names to the two counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, which are only later forms of the words _North folk_ and _South folk_. These three tribes all spoke different dialects of the same speech. The early predominance of the Angles, especially as the Angles in Northumbria were the first to have a literature, gave to the language the name of _English_, though the Keltic people still call it _Saxon_ or _Sassenach_. The country also in time acquired, from the same cause, the name of _Engla-land_, or the _land of the English_. The first landing of Teutons took place in the year 449; and for about a hundred years afterwards, bands of strong young warriors and colonists continued to arrive at short intervals. 10. =THE PERIODS OF ENGLISH.=--The language brought over to Britain by these three tribes has grown very much since the fifth century. It has been growing for fourteen hundred years. It has therefore altered very much in every way; its appearance has changed; and we have to learn the English of the fifth, or the eighth, or the eleventh century, almost as if it were a foreign language. There are four chief periods in the history of the English language. These are: