Outlines of a Critical Theory of EthicsDewey, John
Philosophy
Outlines of a Critical Theory of Ethics
Dewey, John
Ethics
That this social organization of persons is the ideal which
Mill is actually thinking of, rather than any succession of
states of agreeable sensation, is evident by his treatment
of the whole subject. Mill is quite clear that education
and opinion may produce _any_ sort of feeling, as well as
truly benevolent motives to actions. For example, in his
critique of Whewell, he says, (Op. cit., p. 154): "All
experience shows that the moral feelings are preëminently
artificial, and the products of culture; that even when
reasonable, they are no more spontaneous than the growth
of corn and wine (which are quite as natural), and that
the most senseless and pernicious feeling can as easily be
raised to the utmost intensity by inculcation, as hemlock
and thistles could be reared to luxuriant growth by sowing
them instead of wheat." It is certainly implied here that
legislation, education and public opinion must have as a
presupposed standard the identity of general and private
interests or else they may produce anything whatever.
That is to say, Mill instead of arriving at his result of
general happiness simply takes it for granted.
This fact and the further fact that he virtually defines
happiness through certain objective interests and ends
(thus reversing the true hedonistic position) is obvious
from the following, (Mill, Op. cit., pp. 343-347): After
again stating that the moral feelings are capable of
cultivation in almost any direction, and stating that
moral associations that are of artificial construction
dissolve through the force of intellectual analysis (_cf._
his Autobiography, p. 136), and that the association
of pleasure with the feeling of duty would similarly
dissolve unless it had a _natural_ basis of sentiment, he
goes on. "But there is this basis of powerful _natural_
sentiment. This firm foundation is that of the social
feelings of mankind; the desire to be in unity with our
fellow-creatures. _The social state is at once so natural,
so necessary, and so habitual to man that except in some
unusual circumstances, or by an effort of voluntary
abstraction he never conceives of himself otherwise than
as a member of a body._ Any condition, therefore, which
is essential to a state of society becomes more and more
an inseparable part of every person's conception of the
state of things which he is born into, and which is the
destiny of a human being." Mill then goes on to describe
some of the ways in which the social unity manifests itself
and influences the individual's conduct. Then the latter
"comes, as though instinctively, to be conscious of himself
as a being who _of course_ pays regard to others. The good
of others becomes to him a thing naturally and necessarily
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