Produced by Mark C. Orton, Linda McKeown, Josephine Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. OUTLINES OF DAIRY BACTERIOLOGY A CONCISE MANUAL FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS IN DAIRYING BY H. L. RUSSELL DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN EIGHTH EDITION THOROUGHLY REVISED MADISON, WISCONSIN H. L. RUSSELL 1907 Copyrighted 1905 BY H. L. RUSSELL STATE JOURNAL PRINTING COMPANY, Printers And Stereotypers, Madison, Wis. Transcriber's note: For Text: A word surrounded by a cedilla such as ~this~ signifies that the word is bolded in the text. A word surrounded by underscores like _this_ signifies the word is italics in the text. For numbers and equations, underscores before bracketed numbers in equations denote a subscript. Minor typos have been corrected. PREFACE. Knowledge in dairying, like all other technical industries, has grown mainly out of experience. Many facts have been learned by observation, but the _why_ of each is frequently shrouded in mystery. Modern dairying is attempting to build its more accurate knowledge upon a broader and surer foundation, and in doing this is seeking to ascertain the cause of well-established processes. In this, bacteriology is playing an important role. Indeed, it may be safely predicted that future progress in dairying will, to a large extent, depend upon bacteriological research. As Fleischmann, the eminent German dairy scientist, says: "The gradual abolition of uncertainty surrounding dairy manufacture is the present important duty which lies before us, and its solution can only be effected by bacteriology." It is therefore natural that the subject of Dairy Bacteriology has come to occupy an important place in the curriculum of almost every Dairy School. An exposition of its principles is now recognized as an integral part of dairy science, for modern dairy practice is rapidly adopting the methods that have been developed as the result of bacteriological study. The rapid development of the subject has necessitated a frequent revision of this work, and it is gratifying to the writer that the attempt which has been made to keep these Outlines abreast of bacteriological advance has been appreciated by students of dairying. While the text is prepared more especially for the practical dairy operator who wishes to understand the principles and reasons underlying his art, numerous references to original investigations have been added to aid the dairy investigator who wishes to work up the subject more thoroughly. My acknowledgments are due to the following for the loan of illustrations: Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station; Creamery Package Mfg. Co., Chicago, Ill.; and A. H. Reid, Philadelphia, Pa. H. L. Russell. University of Wisconsin. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Structure of the bacteria and conditions governing their development and distribution 1