1559. THE PROTESTANT RELIGION RE-ESTABLISHED BY PARLIAMENT: _Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity passed_. Peace concluded with France at ~Cateau-Cambresis~ (April 2). Parker appointed archbishop of Canterbury. 1561. Mary, queen of Scots, widow of Francis II. of France, returned to Scotland after an absence of about thirteen years. 1562. =Ratification of the 39 Articles.= The Puritan party were defeated in Convocation. The Puritans objected to the wearing of ecclesiastical vestments, to the sign of the cross in baptism, to kneeling at the communion, to bowing at the name of Jesus, to the ring in marriage, and, some years later, to the Episcopal form of government. Elizabeth, who was fond of some of the Romish practices, was bitterly opposed to the Puritans, but they were secretly supported by Cecil, Leicester, and other of her councillors. 1565. Mary, queen of Scots, married her cousin, Lord Darnley. 1567. Lord Darnley was murdered; and Mary married Bothwell, who was publicly charged with the crime. She was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle, and compelled to resign the crown to her infant son James. 1568. Mary escaped and raised an army, but was defeated by the regent Murray. She fled into England, and was detained as a prisoner. 1569. The earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland raised an insurrection in the north, for the purpose of re-establishing the Catholic religion, and of liberating Mary, but were soon compelled to abandon the attempt. 1572. Execution of the duke of Norfolk for high treason. He was charged with conspiring to dethrone Elizabeth, and to marry Mary. =Massacre of Protestants in France on St. Bartholomew's day.= 1578. Elizabeth concluded an alliance with the people of the Netherlands, who had revolted against Spain. 1579. Treaty of Union between the revolted provinces at Utrecht--the foundation of the Netherland Republic. 1580. Francis Drake returned from his voyage round the world. 1583. _Complete establishment of the High Commission Court._ 1585. Elizabeth sent military aid to the Netherlands, and appointed the earl of Leicester commander-in-chief. 1586. Sir Philip Sidney mortally wounded at Zutphen. A plot discovered for assassinating the queen and liberating the queen of Scots. Babington and other conspirators executed. Trial and conviction of Mary for complicity in the plot. 1587. =Execution of Mary, queen of Scots, at Fotheringay= (Feb. 8). 1588. =THE SPANISH ARMADA.= Philip sent a large armada to invade England, but it was defeated and dispersed. The "Invincible Armada" consisted of about 130 ships and 30,000 men, and an army of invasion of about 35,000 men was collected in the Netherlands, under the duke of Parma, ready to be carried across in transports, under the protection of the Armada. The Spaniards lost 81 vessels and 13,500 men.