THE REVIVAL OF THE SCHOOLS: THEIR WORK. 1. One of History’s Miracles 2. The Schools: their Work 3. The Masters of the Schools 4. The Moral Influence of the Schools 5. The Political Influence of the Schools 6. The Literary Influence of the Schools CHAPTER XV. CHRISTIANITY A STATE RELIGION. 1. How it spread among the Heathen 2. The First Christian Emperor 3. Constantine legislates on the Subject; its Effects 4. Jews in the East under Persian Rule 5. Julian the Apostate CHAPTER XVI. THE BREAK-UP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: SOME OF ITS CONSEQUENCES. 1. Political Changes 2. Social Changes 3. Monks and Saints 4. How Jews became Traders 5. The Slave Trade 6. Jews as Slave Owners 7. Church Councils 8. Eastern Jews 9. War between the Persian and the Byzantine Empires CHAPTER XVII. THE RISE OF MAHOMEDANISM. 1. The Koran or the Sword 2. What Mahomed learnt from the Jews 3. Islam 4. Likenesses between Islam and Judaism 5. Differences between Islam and Judaism CHAPTER XVIII. THE CONQUESTS OF THE KALIPHS: EFFECT, RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL, ON THE JEWS. 1. Progress of Mahomedanism 2. Gaonim 3. Spain in the Hands of the Mahomedans 4. The Karaite Movement 5. Mahomedan Causes for Karaism 6. The Leader of the Karaite Movement 7. What became of the Sect 8. Good out of Evil CHAPTER XIX. LIFE UNDER THE KALIPHS. 1. Jews in the East 2. Close of the Schools; some Scholars 3. Jews in the West 4. The Policy of the Early Kaliphs 5. Some Effects of this Policy CHAPTER XX. JEWS IN SPAIN (710‒1150). 1. ‘Like a Dream in the Night’ 2. The Jew Schools 3. The first Nagid of Spain 4. Another Nagid: troubles in Granada 5. Revival of Catholicism in Spain 6. Effect on the Jews 7. The Almohade Dynasty of Kaliphs CHAPTER XXI. JEWS IN SPAIN, CONTINUED (1150‒1492). 1. Under Catholic Kings in Spain 2. The Toledo Synagogue 3. The Downward Slope to Death 4. The Marannos or New Christians 5. An Effort at Argument 6. The Inquisition 7. Objects and Functions of the Inquisition 8. Some Statistics of the Inquisition 9. Edict of Expulsion 10. Abarbanel’s Intercession CHAPTER XXII. JEWS IN CENTRAL EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 1. General Position of European Jews 2. Jews become Money-lenders 3. Charges of Usury CHAPTER XXIII. JEWS IN CENTRAL EUROPE, CONTINUED.