OUTLINES OF LESSONS IN BOTANY. PART I.: FROM SEED TO LEAF FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS, OR MOTHERS STUDYING WITH THEIR CHILDREN. BY JANE H. NEWELL. ILLUSTRATED BY H.P. SYMMES 1888. PART I TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PLANTS AND THEIR USES 1. Food 2. Clothing 3. Purification of the Air 4. Fuel II. SEEDLINGS 1. Directions for raising in the Schoolroom 2. Study of Morning-Glory, Sunflower, Bean, and Pea 3. Comparison with other Dicotyledons 4. Nature of the Caulicle 5. Leaves of Seedlings 6. Monocotyledons 7. Food of Seedlings III. ROOTS 1. Study of the Roots of Seedlings 2. Fleshy Roots 3. Differences between Stem and Root 4. Root-hairs 5. Comparison of a Carrot, an Onion, and a Potato IV BUDS AND BRANCHES 1. Horsechestnut Magnolia Lilac Beech American Elm Balm of Gilead Tulip-tree Cherry Red Maple Norway Spruce 2. Vernation 3. Phyllotaxy V STEMS 1. Forms 2. Movements 3. Structure VI LEAVES 1. Forms and Structure 2. Descriptions 3. Transpiration 4. Assimilation 5. Respiration PREFACE. In this study, as in all scientific teaching, the teacher's aim should be to foster in his pupils the power of careful observation and clear expression. The actual amount of knowledge gained at school must needs be small, and often quickly forgotten, but the habit of right study is an invaluable possession. The former method of teaching Botany was confined almost wholly to dry, technical classification. The pupil learned to find the name and order of a plant, but its structure, its habits, its life in short, were untouched by him. We know now that Nature is the best text-book. The pupil should first ask his questions of her and try to interpret her answers; then he may learn with profit what those who better understand her speech have to tell him. This method of teaching, however, requires much, very much, of the teacher. He must be himself intelligent, well trained, and able to give time to the preparation of his lessons. It seems to us, who are but amateurs, as if it were impossible to teach thus without a thorough comprehension of the whole field. Our own ignorance oppresses us so much that we feel tempted to say that we cannot attempt it. But if the work of leading children to observe the wonders about them is to be done at all, it must be done by us, who are not masters of our subject, and we must find out for ourselves how we can best accomplish this result, since we have so little to guide us. It is with the hope that the experience of one who has tried to do this with some fair amount of success may be of use to other puzzled experimenters, that I venture to write out some outlines of lessons in Botany for beginners.