[232] Texier, _Asie Mineure_, vol. ii, Plate 108. _Investigations at Assos_, Clarke, Bacon, Koldewey, pt. i, p. 13. [233] Merchel, _Die Ingenieurtechnik im Alterthum_, p. 425. Messene was founded by Epaminondas in 371 B.C. [234] The town was destroyed by the Carthaginians in 409 B.C., and the walls date from after that period. Durm, _Baukunst der Griechen_, p. 209. [235] _Forschungen in Ephesos_, vol. i, p. 91. [236] Koldewey, _Sendschirli_, vol. ii, p. 179. It was built in 320 B.C. [237] Choisy, _Histoire de l’Architecture_, vol. i, p. 501. [238] Promis, _Le Antichità di Aosta_, Plates 3 and 4. [239] Blanchet, _Les Enceintes romaines de la Gaule_, pp. 211 and 14. [240] ‘Die römischen Stadttore’, _Bonner Jahrb._, 1909, p. 293. [241] Blanchet, op. cit., pp. 335-7. [242] Not only were the walls of camps less strongly fortified than the walls of towns, but the defences of the gateways were not so highly developed. Cramer, _Trier_, p. 72. [243] Brünnow-Domaszewski, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 100. [244] Idem, vol. ii, p. 182; I think it very doubtful whether any part of the existing ruins are Roman. See too Herzfeld, ‘Genesis,’ _Der Islam_, vol. i, p. 128. [245] Lammens, ‘La Bâdia et la Hîra,’ _Mélanges de la Faculté orientale de Beyrouth_, vol. iv, p. 103; and Musil, _Qṣeir ‘Amra_, pp. 155-6. [246] Musil, idem, p. 163. [247] Lammens, op. cit., p. 107. [248] Moritz, ‘Ausflüge in der Arabia Petraea,’ _Mélanges de la F. O. de Beyrouth_, vol. iii, p. 432. I do not propose to consider here small buildings like Mshaiyesh (Musil, _Arabia Petraea_, vol. i, p. 313, and _Qṣeir ‘Amra_, p. 115), or al-Weyned (Musil, _Arabia Petraea_, vol. i, p. 289, and _Qṣeir ‘Amra_, p. 93). They are both on the caravanserai plan and differ little from the edifice which stands near Qṣair ‘Amrah. This last was probably a lodging for guards and courtiers. Musil, _Arabia Petraea_, vol. i, p. 223; _Qṣeir ‘Amra_, Plate 2. [249] Butler, _Ancient Architecture in Syria_, Sect. A, pt. ii, p. 77, and appendix, p. xix. [250] De Vogüé, _La Syrie centrale_, vol. i, p. 71. [251] _Arabia Petraea_, vol. i, p. 229, and _Qṣeir ‘Amra_, p. 64. [252] Nöldeke, _Neue Freie Presse_, March 28, 1907, and Becker, _Münchener Neueste Nachrichten_, May 28, 1907. [253] _Revue biblique_, 1904, p. 423; Musil, _Arabia Petraea_, vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 106, and _Qṣeir ‘Amra_, p. 72. [254] Musil, _Arabia Petraea_, vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 75, and _Qṣeir ‘Amra_, p. 65. [255] Butler, _Ancient Arch. in Syria_, Sect. B, pt. i, Plate 4, and in the same number _Greek and Roman Inscriptions_, p. 40. [256] Musil, _Arabia Petraea_, vol. i, p. 176, and _Qṣeir ‘Amra_, p. 13. [257] Musil, _Arabia Petraea_, vol. i, p. 290, and _Qṣeir ‘Amra_, p. 97; Moritz, ‘Ausflüge,’ _Mélanges de la F. O. de Beyrouth_, vol. iii, p. 421. I give four photographs which Dr. Moritz has been so kind as to place at my disposal. [258] _Arabia Petraea_, vol. i, Fig. 135.