[202] Praetoria are occasionally found outside the walls in the fortified cities of Gaul, but there is no example earlier than the close of the third century. Blanchet, _Les Enceintes romaines de la Gaule_, p. 276. [203] Butler, _Ancient Architecture in Syria_, Sect. A, pt. ii, p. 146. [204] Idem, Sect. B, pt. ii, Plate 8. [205] Idem, Sect. B, pt. i, p. 26. [206] I am aware that this view is in contravention of Dr. Herzfeld’s opinion, but I fail to discern any ground for his statement that the castrum of Qasṭal belongs to the type of the great legionary camps. ‘Die Genesis der islamischen Kunst,’ _Der Islam_, vol. i, p. 123. [207] Flandin-Coste, _Voyage en Perse_, Plate 213 _bis_. [208] Brünnow-Domaszewski, vol. ii, p. 82. [209] Idem, vol. ii, p. 89. [210] Idem, vol. ii, p. 65. [211] Idem, vol. ii, p. 78. [212] Dieulafoy, _L’Acropole de Suse_, p. 163. [213] Perrot-Chipiez, vol. ii, p. 341, Gates of Balawât, and other plans, pp. 343-4. [214] Plan of the acropolis of Khorsâbâd, Perrot-Chipiez, vol. ii, p. 326; the towers have a salience of 4 metres and are placed at intervals of 27 metres. Walls of Assur, _Mitt. der D. O.-G._, No. 32, p. 35, and plan of the western half of the mound, issued with that number. The towers are 4 metres wide, with a salience of 2 metres; the curtain walls vary in length from 24·55 metres to 29 metres--distances, remarks Dr. Andrae, which lie well within the limits of a bow-shot. See too Andrae, _Die Festungswerke von Assur_, vol. i, p. 5, where the normal proportions of Salmanassar III’s outer wall are given as follows: towers 8 metres wide, with a salience of 3 to 4 metres; curtain walls 30 metres long. Towers existed in the archaic walls (idem, p. 65), as well as great bastions standing out from 10 to 20 metres from the face of the wall (idem, p. 123). [215] _Mitt. der D. O.-G._, No. 31, p. 28, No. 32, p. 36; and _Festungswerke_, vol. i, p. 115. [216] _L’Acropole de Suse_, Plate 2. It is doubtful whether the towers in the plan are based upon actual observation, or due to a restoration on the part of the excavator. [217] Andrae, _Hatra_, pt. ii, pp. 36, 39, and 53. [218] Hilprecht, _Explorations in Bible Lands_, P. 559. [219] Dastajird, Sarre-Herzfeld, _Iranische Felsreliefs_, p. 237; Iṣṭakhr (the walls may, however, have been Achaemenid), Flandin-Coste, _Voyage en Perse_, Plate 58; Qal’a-i-Kuhna, idem, Plate 213 _bis_. [220] Koldewey, _Sendschirli_, pt. ii, pp. 172-8. [221] Perrot-Chipiez, vol. iv, p. 505. [222] Puchstein, _Boghaskoi_, Plate 2. [223] Perrot-Chipiez, vol. vi, Plate 1. [224] Durm, _Baukunst der Griechen_, pp. 38 and 42. [225] Perrot-Chipiez, vol. v, p. 45. [226] Idem, vol. v, p. 321. [227] Idem, vol. v, p. 324. [228] _Reisen in Lykien und Karien_, p. 54. [229] Perrot-Chipiez, vol. v, p. 385. [230] Benndorf-Niemann, op. cit., p. 124. [231] Perrot-Chipiez, vol. iii, pp. 331, 338, 348, 353, and 325.