[392] Teano, op. cit., vol. iv, p. 569, quoting Makrîzi, _Khiṭâṭ_, vol. ii, p. 247. [393] Lammens, Ziâd ibn Abîhi, op. cit., p. 246; Becker, ‘Zur Geschichte d. islam. Kultus.’ op. cit., pp. 392-3. Professor Becker points out that though the architectural form was borrowed from the Christian apse, the word ‘miḥrab’ which was applied to it had had an earlier usage. It signified the princely seat of honour, which in all probability was generally niche-shaped. [394] Balâdhuri, _Futûḥ_, p. 46. [395] Idem, p. 350. [396] Idem, pp. 347-8. [397] Idem, p. 277. [398] Ṭabari, Prima Series, p. 2489; Teano, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 857; Lammens, Ziâd, op. cit., p. 247. [399] _Futûḥ_, p. 286. [400] Ṭabari, Prima Series, p. 2492. [401] _Futûḥ_, p. 277. [402] Teano, op. cit., vol. iv, pp. 563 et seq.; Corbett, ‘The Mosque of ‘Amr,’ _Journal of the R. Asiatic Soc._, 1890, pp. 759 et seq. [403] Becker, _Die Kanzel_, _passim_, and ‘Zur Geschichte des islamischen Kultus,’ op. cit., p. 393; Corbett, loc. cit., p. 773, n. 1. [404] Ṭabari, Tertia Series, p. 322. [405] ‘Zur Geschichte des islamischen Kultus,’ op. cit., p. 393. [406] Teano, op. cit., vol. iv, p. 567. [407] Le Strange, _Palestine under the Moslems_, p. 90. [408] I follow Dr. Herzfeld’s view, _Euphrat-und Tigris-Gebiet_, vol. i, p. 98. Professor Thiersch believes it to have been copied from the Chalce of the Augusteion at Constantinople, but his theory is based solely upon hypothesis and it appears to me to be far-fetched. Thiersch, _Pharos_, p. 214. [409] At Ba’albek its width is strongly marked in the façade of the ṣaḥn and in the arcade next to the qiblah wall, not in the intermediate arcades. For plan see Berchem-Strzygowski, _Amida_, Fig. 271. [410] Saladin, _La mosquée de Sidi Okba à Kairouan_, pp. 18 et seq. [411] Saladin, _Manuel d’art musulman, Architecture_, Fig. 139. [412] Marçais, _Monuments de Tlemcen_, Figs. 14, 49, 69. [413] _Nordmesopotamische Baudenkmäler_, Plate 73. [414] Cf. the narrow blind arches on either side of the lîwân in the central court at Ukhaiḍir. [415] Sachau, _Reise in Syrien und Mesopotamien_, p. 221. [416] _Orientalische Literaturzeitung_, September 1911, p. 422. [417] _Futûḥ_, p. 178. [418] _Amurath to Amurath_, p. 56. [419] Balâdhuri, _Futûḥ_, p. 179. [420] _Amurath to Amurath_, p. 57; Sarre-Herzfeld, _Euphrat-und Tigris-Gebiet_, vol. i, p. 4, and vol. iii, Plate 66. [421] Salmon, _Introduction topographique à l’histoire de Baghdad d’al-Khaḷîb_, Arabic text, p. 60; Sarre-Herzfeld, _Euphrat-und Tigris-Gebiet_, p. 91. [422] _Amurath to Amurath_, p. 243; Sarre-Herzfeld, _Euphrat-und Tigris-Gebiet_, p. 69. [423] It appears in M. Viollet’s plan, ‘Description du palais d’al-Moutasim,’ _Mémoires présentés à l’Acad. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres_, vol. xii, pt. ii. Plate 8. [424] Herzfeld, _Erster vorl. Bericht_, p. 7. [425] Idem, p. 37.