TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. There are two instances of the letter c with a macron. Using the Unicode combining diacritical, this will display on this device as c̄. The terms table and tablet (a small table) are used in reference to ancient writing surfaces. The term size as used in this book often refers to glutinous material used in the paper-making process to make the paper surface smoother. Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book. [Illustration: THE PAPER MAKING MACHINE.] PAPER & PAPER MAKING, ANCIENT AND MODERN. BY RICHARD HERRING: WITH AN INTRODUCTION, BY THE REV. GEORGE CROLY, LL. D. LONDON: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 1855. W. DEWICK, PRINTER, BARBICAN. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE SIR FRANCIS GRAHAM MOON, BARONET, LORD MAYOR OF LONDON: THIS WORK, WITH EVERY SENTIMENT OF RESPECT AND ESTEEM, IS DEDICATED; BY HIS LORDSHIP’S OBLIGED AND FAITHFUL SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS. PAGE. PREFACE VII INTRODUCTION ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION—Language—Origin of the Art of Writing—Various modes of recording events which preceded it—Materials upon which men first Wrote—Stones, Bricks, Metals, Skins and Intestines of Animals, Tablets, Leaves, Bark, etc., etc.—The Egyptian Papyrus, from which Paper (so called) was first made—Process of Manufacture—Usual dimensions and extreme durability of Papyri—Modern Paper—Its general advantages to mankind—Supposed period of its Invention—The Introduction of Paper-making into Europe—Historical incidents connected therewith—James Whatman—The superiority of his manufacture—Adoption of the Fourdrinier-Machine—General advantages of Machinery over the Original Process, etc., etc. 1 CHAPTER II.