[106] See p. 111. [107] Origin of Species, chapter VI. [108] Mechanisch-Physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre, p. 150. [109] Weismann, The Evolution Theory, I, p. 162. [110] _Ibid._, I, p. 177. [111] So the cogwheels of a machine designed for some useful purpose will lacerate the hand of a man who gets in their way. [112] See p. 85. [113] Darwinism and the Problems of Life, 1904. Eng. transl. by J. McCabe, 1905, pp. 354 _sqq._ [114] Orthogenesis der Schmetterlinge (1897). The passage will be found in Kellogg’s Darwinism To-day, p. 285. Instances of ‘regression,’ etc., are given by Kellogg, _op. cit._, p. 227. [115] When Heracleitus wrote “The One arises from the All and the All from the One” (Frag. LIX. Bywater) he was stating with his usual pregnant brevity a position of deep significance for modern scientific thought. [116] It must be borne in mind that strict physical continuity does not exist in nature. Sir Oliver Lodge has somewhere remarked that science is entirely at a loss to explain how it comes that when one picks up a stick by one end the rest of the stick comes up with it. [117] General Physiology, p. 550. [118] Published by Bell & Son, 1907. [119] Darwinism To-day, p. 377, quoting H. F. Osborn’s The Unknown Factors of Evolution. Osborn, like the writer (see p. 90), holds Spencer and Weismann to be mutually destructive. “If acquired variations are transmitted there must be therefore some unknown principle in heredity; if they are not transmitted there must be some unknown factor in evolution.” [120] Mechanisch-Physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre. See especially pp. 132, and 340 _sqq._ [121] Darwinism To-day, p. 278. [122] p. 49. [123] Ζεύς ἐστιν αἰθὴρ, Ζεὺς δὲ γῆ, Ζεὺς δ’ οὐρανὸς, Ζεύς τοι τὰ πάντα, χὥτι τῶνδ' ὑπέρτερον. Frag., 295. [124] Walt Whitman, ‘The Answerer.’ [125] Data of Ethics, 29. [126] See Appendix C. [127] _Oxford and Cambridge Review_, June, 1907. _Sic_ also Bishop Berkeley, Alciphron, Dial. VII, 19, “A man is said to be free, so far forth as he can do what he will.” Berkeley’s analysis of this statement is substantially the same as that in the text. [128] Herbert Spencer, translating these physical terms into their psychic equivalents, declares that the illusion of Free Will “consists in supposing that at each moment the _ego_ is something more than the aggregate of feelings and ideas, actual and nascent, which then exists” (Psychology, I, p. 500). The pivot of the doctrine is the word _aggregate_. We have seen that the most primitive living organism is something more than that. _Cf._ p. 119 _note_. [129] Of course they are only relatively lower—there are no essentially ‘low’ motives in life at all. [130] The Will to Believe—‘The Dilemma of Determinism,’ p. 145 _sqq._