Pathology of Lying, Accusation, and Swindling: A Study in Forensic PsychologyHealy, William
Science
Pathology of Lying, Accusation, and Swindling: A Study in Forensic Psychology
Healy, William
Criminal psychology; Swindlers and swindling
As a last statement on this question which we put to ourselves,
namely, whether pathological liars show the same traits in the
laboratory as they do on the witness stand or in general social
life, we can answer in the affirmative. We may repeat that
others have made as bad records as some of this group, but taking
the group as a whole, it is unlike any random 13 cases which
might be picked out from our other classes of mentally normal
offenders. On the other hand, many a feebleminded testifier has
done vastly better than the median of this group. The errors
themselves are of the purely inventional type, such as your
ordinary report from a mentally normal person does not contain.
(There is perhaps one interesting exception to this; Case 3. The
report given by this subject included egregious denials of some
of the main objects in the picture, and so was fictitious to this
extent. She did not say that she did not know whether these
to-be-expected objects really were in the picture--she insisted
that they were not.) So far as suggestibility is concerned,
there are great differences among even normal people in all
classes. For comparison with the above group, we may take 63
cases of mentally normal delinquents, all of whom had been
offered the full 7 suggestions. The median error of this group
was two. Lower than the fraction thus obtained was the result on
only 4 of the present cases. We have been interested to see that
with some of the pathological liars there is no great
suggestibility. The person is willing to deal in his own
inventions, but not with false ideas which others attempt to put
in his mind.
DIAGNOSIS
The essentials for the diagnosis of pathological lying are
contained in the definition at the beginning of our book. The
above considerations of the physical and mental make-up of
pathological liars should leave little question as to what
belongs in this class. Of course here, as in the study of any
mental traits, borderline cases difficult to discriminate will
always be found. Sometimes one will not be able to determine
whether the individual is a true pathological liar or merely a
prevaricator for a normal purpose. We have already stated our
inability to determine this in some cases, and yet the nucleus of
the type stands out sharply and clearly, and there can be no
doubt as to what is practically meant by the definition.
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