As in the case of the study of the life of Jesus, the problem and the way to its solution will be developed by means of a survey of what has hitherto been done. At the same time this method of presentation will serve to promote the knowledge of the past periods of the science. Since it is impossible for students, and indeed for the younger teachers, to read for themselves all the works of earlier times, the danger arises that on the one hand the names will remain mere empty names, and on the other that, from ignorance, solutions will be tried over again which have already been advanced and have proved untenable. An attempt has therefore been made in this book to give a sufficient insight into what has been done so far, and to provide a substitute for the reading of such works as are not either of classical importance or still generally accessible. For practical reasons the method adopted in my former book, of attaching the statement of the new view to the history of earlier views, has not been followed here. This view will be developed and defended in a separate work bearing the title “The Pauline Mysticism” (“Die Mystik des Apostels Paulus”), which will appear at an early date. The English and American literature of the subject has not been included in this study, since the works in question were not in all cases accessible to me, and an insufficient acquaintance with the language raised a barrier. Nor have I aimed at giving, even with this limitation, a complete enumeration of all the studies of Paul’s teaching. I have only desired to cite works which either played a part of some value in the development of Pauline study, or were in some way typical. The fact that a work has been left unmentioned does not by any means necessarily imply that it has not been examined. ALBERT SCHWEITZER. 19_th Sept_. 1911. [pg xiii] Contents CHAPTER I THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD . . . [1] CHAPTER II BAUR AND HIS CRITICS . . . [12] CHAPTER III FROM BAUR TO HOLTZMANN . . . [22] CHAPTER IV H. J. HOLTZMANN . . . [100] CHAPTER V CRITICAL QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES . . . [117] CHAPTER VI THE POSITION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY . . . [151] CHAPTER VII PAULINISM AND COMPARATIVE RELIGION . . . [179] CHAPTER VIII SUMMING-UP AND FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM . . . [237] INDEX . . . 251 ENDNOTES PAUL AND HIS INTERPRETERS [pg 001] I THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD _Hugo Grotius._ Annotationes in Novum Testamentum. 1641-1646. _Johann Jakob Rambach._ Institutiones hermeneuticae sacrae. 1723. _Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten._ Unterricht der Auslegung der heiligen Schrift. (Instructions in the art of Expounding Holy Scripture.) 1742. _Johann Christoph Wolf._ Curae philologicae et criticae. 1741. _Johann August Ernesti._ Institutio interpretis Novi Testamenti. 1762. (Eng. Trans., Biblical Interpretation of the New Testament, Edinburgh, 1832-1833.)