Ordinarily, only one application of spray is required to control the nut casebearer. However, if trees surrounding the treated area are not sprayed, moths may enter the sprayed area and a serious infestation of second-generation larvae may develop. Under these circumstances, a second spray may be required in June or early July when second-generation eggs are deposited[6], [11]. HICKORY SHUCKWORM The hickory shuckworm, _Laspeyresia caryana_ (Fitch), frequently causes severe injury to pecans. In the late summer and fall the shucks are tunneled out. As a result, the nuts are slower to mature and the kernels do not develop properly. The shucks stick to the nuts and fail to open, thus increasing the difficulty of harvest. The adult shuckworm is a dark, grayish-black moth with a wing span of a little over one-half inch. The larva is white with a light brown head. It attains a length of three-eighths inch at maturity. The winter is passed by the larvae in fallen pecan or hickory shucks. They pupate in late winter and emerge as adults during the spring. The adults deposit eggs principally on hickory trees on the leaves and young nuts, and the larvae feed in developing nuts in early summer. Succeeding generations develop in pecan shucks. Before pupating, the larvae cut a hole to the outside, and then spin a cocoon. When the moth emerges, the empty pupal skin is left projecting from the hole and can be seen afterward on the shuck. As many as five generations may be completed each year before the last generation larvae go into hibernation. _Control._—No economical chemical control for the shuckworm has been developed. Cultural measures will aid in reducing populations. Plowing during July and August to turn under the infested shucks is relatively effective. The larvae are unable to mature in the decaying shucks, and the adults cannot emerge from the soil. Care should be taken to completely cover the fallen shucks, but the depth of plowing should be regulated or damage to the roots will result. [Illustration: Figure 10. Location of overwintering cocoons, or hibernacula, of the pecan nut casebearer.] PECAN WEEVIL The pecan weevil, _Curculio caryae_ (Horn), is a late-season pest of pecans in Texas. In years when severe infestations occur, this insect may destroy a large portion of the pecan crop. The kernels are eaten out by the larvae. The adult is a brownish weevil which is about three-eighths inch long. The female has a snout which is as long as the body; the male’s is somewhat shorter.