The female beetle deposits eggs in the soil, where the larva develops. Most species require two summers for the larva to mature. Pupation is accomplished in a cell which is constructed in the ground in the fall of the second year. The beetles emerge the following spring. Both larvae and adults may be found in the soil during the winter. _Control._—May beetles are usually a problem in orchards which are not cultivated because the larvae feed on the roots of the sod cover. Cultivation of the orchard periodically will reduce the food supply of the grubs, and smaller infestations of adults will appear the following year. Where cultivation is not feasible, sprays will control the adults. Apply 2 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable powder; 4 pounds of lead arsenate; or 1 pound of 25 percent parathion wettable powder per 100 gallons of water when damage by this insect is severe[9]. PECAN CIGAR CASEBEARER The pecan cigar casebearer, _Coleophora caryaefoliella_ (Clem), may be damaging in some years. The larva feeds on the leaves, producing tiny holes. It constructs a light brown, cigar-shaped case about one-fourth inch in length which encases it throughout development. _Control._—The spray applied for control of the nut casebearer will usually prevent significant injury by the cigar casebearer. See spray schedule, page 4. FALL WEBWORM The webs produced by the fall webworm, _Hyphantria cunea_ (Drury), are familiar to everyone. Leaves are eaten by the larvae which live in loosely woven, dirty white webs, Figure 19. The adult is a white moth which may have black or brown spots on the forewing. Its wings have a span of about 1 inch. The larvae are pale yellow spotted with black. They attain a length of 1 inch when full grown and are covered with long black and white hairs. The insect overwinters as a pupa in lightly woven cocoons in debris on the soil or under the bark. In the spring the adults emerge and lay masses of greenish white eggs on the leaves. The caterpillars which hatch from the eggs feed on the leaves in colonies under webs which they construct. After feeding for a month to 6 weeks, the larvae crawl down the tree and pupate in loose cocoons in debris, under bark, or in loose soil. Adults appear during the summer and deposit eggs for the second generation. The larvae of this generation feed extensively until fall, crawl down the tree and pupate for the winter. _Control._—Light infestations on a few trees can be eliminated by pruning out the affected branches and burning them. If this method of control is not practicable, the trees should be sprayed with 2 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable powder; 1 pound of 25 percent parathion wettable powder; or 3 pounds of lead arsenate per 100 gallons of water[9]. [Illustration: Figure 19. Web of the fall webworm on a pecan limb.] WALNUT CATERPILLAR