The pecan bud moth, _Gretchena bolliana_ (Sling.), damages nursery stock and freshly top-worked pecans. The greenish larvae feed in the axils of the newly set buds and in the terminals of young trees, causing extensive branching. There are several generations each year. [Illustration: Figure 21. Moth of the pecan catocala.] _Control._—This insect may be controlled by applying a spray containing 2 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable powder per 100 gallons of water. TWIG GIRDLER The adult twig girdler, _Oncideres cingulata_ (Say) (_O. texana_ of some authors), girdles twigs and branches, weakening them so that they fall off or die on the tree, Figure 22. This insect is active during the late summer and early fall. Many twigs may be found on the ground under a severely infested tree. Secondary branching may occur and the number of bearing twigs is reduced. The twig borer is a grayish brown beetle one-half to five-eighths inch in length with a broad gray band over the middle of the wing covers. Its head is reddish brown and bears a pair of long antennae, which extend beyond the abdomen on the male. The larva is a white legless grub about three-fourths inch long when it reaches maturity. This insect overwinters as a partially grown larva in a twig on the tree or ground. It develops rapidly in the spring feeding in the twig. Following pupation, the adult emerges in late August or early September. The female systematically girdles twigs and deposits eggs in the severed portion since the larva is unable to develop in healthy sapwood. The eggs hatch in a few weeks into larvae which remain small until the following spring when they complete development, pupate and emerge as adults in the late summer and fall. There is one generation annually, although some individuals require 2 years to mature[1]. _Control._—Infestations may be reduced by removing girdled branches from the trees and the ground and burning them. Chemical control is also effective. The trees should be sprayed with 4 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable powder per 100 gallons of water when the first injured branches are observed in late August or early September. Two or three applications at 2-week intervals may be required for most effective control[9]. RED-SHOULDERED SHOT-HOLE BORER The red-shouldered shot-hole borer, _Xylobiops basilare_ (Say), and other shot-hole borers also injure trees in a devitalized condition. The larvae feed in wood, pupate and emerge as adults through round holes about one-eighth inch in diameter in the bark. Many of these holes may be observed in close proximity to each other. _Control._—Since this insect feeds on dying or dead wood, prunings and dead limbs should be removed from the orchard and burned. Adequate fertilizer and water will keep trees in a healthy condition and prevent injury by this pest. FLATHEADED BORERS