The development of galls is confined primarily to larger roots near the base of the tree trunk, although small roots may become infected and galls develop on them. The smaller galls are under the soil surface and cannot be detected unless the soil is carefully removed from around the roots, Figure 3. Large galls, often 10 to 18 inches in diameter, develop on larger roots and may protrude well above the surface of the soil. [Illustration: Figure 3. Crown gall disease symptoms on young infected pecan tree.] Galls on nursery trees develop at or below the soil surface on the taproot and larger secondary roots. _Control._—All infected nursery trees should be dug and immediately burned. Crown gall-diseased orchard trees sometimes can be saved by digging the soil from around large roots and removing the exposed galls. Where galls were removed, the damaged root surfaces should be painted with a creosote-coal tar mixture (one part creosote to three parts coal tar) to prevent spread of the disease[9]. Cultivation of the soil around the trunk base of infected trees should be avoided to prevent root wounds and spreading of the crown gall pathogen. DOWNY SPOT Downy spot disease, caused by the fungus _Mycosphaerella caryigena_ (Ell. and Ev.) Damaree and Cole, attacks all pecan varieties. Only leaves are susceptible to the disease. Primary infection of new leaves in the spring occurs from spores produced in specialized fruiting bodies in old overwintered leaves. The downy spots appear usually during the summer months on the lower surfaces of leaflets. The downy character of the lesions is due to the production by the fungus of thousands of minute spores on the surface of each spot. The spores are spread by wind and rain to adjacent leaves and to neighboring trees. After spore dissemination is complete, the lesions visible from both leaf surfaces are one-eighth to one-fourth inch in diameter and greenish yellow. Later in the season the lesions turn brown due to the death of the leaf cells in the diseased area. Moneymaker and Stuart varieties are most susceptible to downy spot disease although all pecan varieties are moderately to slightly susceptible. _Control._—Disk under old fallen leaves in the early spring before the leafbuds begin to swell. This practice covers the leaves with soil and prevents the discharge of spores into the air, thereby controlling primary infection of new leaves. In seasons when heavy rains make early spring disking impossible, downy spot disease can be controlled by spraying the trees as indicated in the spray schedule on page 4. BUNCH DISEASE Although the cause of bunch disease is not known, evidence indicates it is an infectious disease, which suggests that the causal agent may be a virus.