The two systems drifted farther and farther apart;[313] clerks were forbidden under pains and penalties to attend secular summonses. The Emperor Frederic II.[314] decreed in 1220 that no one might drag a clerk before a secular tribunal; any lay judge who convicted one was to forfeit his place, besides incurring spiritual penalties.[315] The Emperor Charles IV. made similar laws in 1359 (_Constit. Caroli IV._ 5), and punished the imprisonment of a clerk with outlawry and loss of possessions.[316] This was confirmed by Pope Martin V. in 1418. The right to clerical immunity[317] was reasserted at the twenty-fifth session (20) of the General Council of Trent in 1563.[318] The Church, as we have already seen, had been allowed and appointed to regulate the faith and morals of all men. It also claimed, and, in the long-run, secured, the right to demand all clerics accused of crimes,[319] except in cases of high treason, highway marauding,[320] and deliberate house burning,[321] offences against the laws of the forest (that is hunting the king’s deer, etc.),[322] and misdemeanours (_i.e._ slight offences).[323] In time all clerks claimed privilege of clergy, and these consisted not only of those in priests’ orders[324] (of minor orders there were four degrees below subdeacons[325]), but of all those who were tonsured and had their hair cut in the clerical fashion.[326] All anywise connected with Church work, such as the readers, acolytes, and door-keepers, could claim clergy.[327] So that the state of clerkship was frequently claimed,[328] both justly and fraudulently, by extremely humble people, and the existence of the tonsure, and also its genuineness, were very important in criminal cases, for it was sometimes assumed as a claim to immunity,[329] and occasionally the accused would have their heads shaved by the prosecutors in order to obliterate it.[330] By the statute _Pro Clero_ of 1350,[331] “all manner of clerks, as well secular as religious, which shall be from henceforth convicted before the secular justices aforesaid for any treasons or felonies touching other persons than the King himself or his royal majesty, shall from henceforth freely have and enjoy the privilege of Holy Church, and shall be, without any impeachment or delay, delivered to the ordinaries demanding them.” This came to mean immunity for all who could read.[332]