Penal Methods of the Middle Ages: Criminals, Witches, LunaticsIves, George Burnham
History
Penal Methods of the Middle Ages: Criminals, Witches, Lunatics
Ives, George Burnham
Punishment
Although his dealings must be described as mild compared with the
ghastly inconceivable tortures in vogue with the inquisitors upon the
Continent,[520] his victims were yet baited and handled with the
grossest cruelty. They were supposed not to weep,[521] being witches,
though indeed cause enough was given them. It is remarkable in this
connection that Shelley,[522] with how much accuracy I am not aware,
alludes to the “dry fixed eyeball” of the tortured. Hutchinson[523] held
this phenomenon to have been due to prolonged deprivation of sleep and
exhaustion. Doubtless the weary length of the investigations, and often
the age and senile desiccation of the victims, might easily explain a
state of tearlessness whenever it was really prevalent.
They were supposed to possess an insensible part in their bodies,[524]
and the examiners would prick over them to try to find it out.
Especially, a witch was affirmed to have somewhere upon her person the
“Devil’s mark.” “Some bigg or place upon their body where he” (the
familiar, imp, or spirit) “sucketh them.”[525] This alleged “mark” might
be almost anything or nothing; from an abnormal, and perhaps atavic,
teat, down to a birthmark, mole, old scar, or even a tiny vein under an
eyelid. They were supposed also to float upon being “swum.”
They were, for the most part, wizen, old creatures, clad in long-used,
greasy garments.[526] Such skirts would retain much air; they might be
bound so as to favour this, or spread, as with Ophelia, widely inflated.
It was quite likely they should thus be upborne (and also, for they were
mostly poor and thin, that the heavy, sometimes chained, Bible should
outweigh them in the ordeal with scales). But ordeals are uncertain and
dangerous unless they can be carefully manipulated. Mr. Hopkins had been
keen on the water test; it was the finishing touch and proof at the end
of a long series of torments and examinations.
But a day came, it is said, on which a few brave Englishmen, who had
perhaps lost some one near and dear to them at his hands, laid hold upon
the witch-finder himself, and binding him in a sack, cast him into a
pool. It was a bold act, in those savage days, to interfere with any
kind of inquisition. Catholic or Puritan, and was no doubt attended with
great risk. But only for a moment in this case, for there before them
bobbed the dread discoverer of witches, floating upon the surface of the
water; and all declared the devil got his own. But such an end was
altogether unexpected and unusual; it was downright bad luck and
misfortune, from Mr. Hopkins’ point of view. His position appeared
unassailable, and indeed probably would have been, if he had kept to the
right sort of people, and practised on the isolated or unpopular, who
could have been legitimately sacrificed. All he had done was quite
lawful and regular.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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