William the Norman enjoined that offenders should not be slain outright, but hacked about.[76] “Interdicimus,” he commands, “eciam ne quis occidatur vel suspendatur pro aliqua culpa sed enerventur oculi, et abscindantur pedes vel testiculi, vel manus ita quod truncus remaneat vivus in signum prodicionis et nequicie sue.”[77] About the tenth century, after the ending of the Danish troubles, and in the eleventh under the Norman rule, the king was strong enough to extend his power and protection.[78] In the twelfth the old system of bōt and wer, designed to compensate the injured and keep the peace among a fierce and warlike race of freemen,[79] began to give place to one under which the king exacted punishment and tribute,[80] which he administered and collected through itinerant judges, sheriffs, and other officers.[81] The heavy fines imposed on places and people[82] became an important source of revenue to the crown[83] and to the barons and the lords of manors[84] when they held rights of private jurisdiction[85] (Sake and Soke, Courts Leet,[86] etc.), which were frequently delegated.[87] The State was growing strong enough to take vengeance; the common man was no longer feared as had been the well-armed Saxon citizen of old, and to the “common” criminal was extended the ruthless severity once reserved for the slaves.[88] Then likewise Glanville and the lawyers,[89] under the influence of Rome and Constantinople, drew a sharp and arbitrary distinction between the criminal and the civil pleas, and the idea of compensation began to wane before the revenge instinct now backed by power. If there was money obtainable, the king’s judges would seize it;[90] the idea of damage done to the individual was merged and lost in the greater trespass[91] alleged to have been committed by the offender against the peace, against the code and king. Up to the middle of the twelfth century[92] some counties were without public gaols or prisoners’ cages,[93] and Henry II. commanded their construction at the Assize of Clarendon, 1166. By the seventh article[94] gaols were to be made in the walled towns or erected within royal castles[95] with the king’s timber or other wood that might be available.[96] They were evidently light improvised structures[97]—sheds knocked up beneath massive walls of city or castle. The king’s strong places or the larger monasteries would be prisonous enough with little alteration. These early prisons of the Angevin kings were collecting depots or remand prisons for the safe custody of persons accused. Bracton, who died in 1268, expressly wrote that prison was to confine and not to punish.[98]