The exceptions to this wise though primitive rule are to be found where occasionally “God” and even “Nature” would be cited as injured third parties, upon theological grounds. See, for instance, N. Marshall, _Penitential Discipline of the Primitive Church_, pp. 49, 190, Oxford, 1844; and the thirteenth-century _Mirror of Justice_, chap. xiv. Footnote 10: “To keep the peace is the legislator’s first object, and it is not easy. To force the injured man or the slain man’s kinsfolk to accept a money compensation instead of resorting to reprisals is the main aim of the law-giver.”—F. W. Maitland, _Constitutional History of England_, p. 4. Cambridge, 1908. Footnote 11: Thus in the Laws of the XII. Tables the manifest thief would be killed if a slave, or if free become the bondman of the person robbed; if, however, he were captured later, he had to refund double the value of what he had taken. By the Germanic codes a thief might be instantly chased and then hanged or decapitated, but fines for homicide would be imposed if he were slain after an interval. Henry Maine, _Ancient Law_, ed. of 1906, pp. 387, 388. Footnote 12: For instance, Exodus xxi. 23, 24, 25. Footnote 13: See E. Westermarck, _Moral Ideas_, vol. i. p. 178. London, 1906. Footnote 14: At first it was not always necessary to accept the blood-fine. See E. W. Robertson, _Scotland under her Early Kings_, p. 287, Edinburgh, 1862, on this point; and as to the treatment of female relatives, see J. Thrupp, _Anglo-Saxon Home_, p. 151. Footnote 15: In the seventh century a law of Ine ordained that “If any one takes revenge before he demands justice, let him give up what he has taken to himself and pay the damage done and make bōt with xxx. shillings.”—Thorpe, _Ancient Laws and Institutions_, fol. ed. p. 48. Footnote 16: “The penal law of ancient communities is not a law of crimes; it is a law of wrongs, or, to use the English technical word, of torts. The person injured proceeds against the wrongdoer by an ordinary civil action, and recovers compensation in the shape of money damages if he succeeds.”—Maine, _Ancient Law_, p. 379. Footnote 17: “It is curious to observe how little the men of primitive times were troubled with these scruples (as to the degree of moral guilt to be ascribed to the wrongdoer), how completely they were persuaded that the impulses of the wronged person were the proper measure of the vengeance he was entitled to exact, and how literally they imitated the rise and fall of his passions in fixing their scale of punishment.”—Maine, _Ancient Law_, p. 389. Footnote 18: “Every man’s life had its value, and according to that valuation the value of his oath in a court of justice varied, and offences against his person and protection were atoned for.”—Stubbs, _Const. Hist._ i. p. 188. Footnote 19: A front tooth usually cost six shillings; in Alfred’s time, eight.