Holdsworth, _Hist. Eng. Law_, i. p. 382. Footnote 342: J. F. Stephen, _Hist. Crim. Law_, i. p. 461. Footnote 343: See Bingham, _Antiquities of the Christian Church_, v. p. 459. Footnote 344: _Concilium Tarragonense_, c. 4, A.D. 516. _C. Autissiodorense_, c. 34, A.D. 578. _C. Toletanum_, xi. c. 6, A.D. 675. Footnote 345: _Excerptiones Ecgberti, Arch. Ebor._ 156. Footnote 346: Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, ii. p. 60. Footnote 347: _C. Lat._ iv. c. 18. Footnote 348: _C. Toletanum_, iv. c. 31, A.D. 633. Footnote 349: _C. Autissiodorense_, c. 33, A.D. 578. Footnote 350: As, for instance, Theodosius, fourth century; Emperor Henry IV., eleventh century; Henry II., twelfth century. Footnote 351: Thrupp, _Anglo-Saxon Home_, p. 238. Footnote 352: _Ibid._ p. 243. Footnote 353: King Æthelwulf, in the ninth century, obtained an ordinance from the Pope that no Englishman was to be condemned to make a pilgrimage in irons outside his own country.—Lappenburg, _Saxon Kings_, ii. 26. A pilgrim from Canterbury would be recognised by his carrying back a bottle or a bell; a shell if he had arrived from Santiago de Compostela (Spain), and a palm from the Eastern Land.—R. F. Littledale, _Ency. Brit._ Footnote 354: Thrupp, _Anglo-Saxon Home_, p. 256. Footnote 355: See W. J. Thoms, _Early English Prose Romances_, i. p. 31, etc. London, 1858. Footnote 356: Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, ii. p. 449. Footnote 357: So much would depend upon the view taken by the penitentiary. See, for instance, Charles Reade’s historical story, _The Cloister and the Hearth_. Footnote 358: Usually for half the time, and often for three days in a week for the second half. Vide _Pen. Ecgberti, Arch. Ebor._ etc. Footnote 359: Lea, _Studies in Church History_, p. 245. Footnote 360: Thorpe, fol. ed. pp. 280, 315. Footnote 361: See the Penitential of Archbishop Theodore of Canterbury (A.D. 673), Thorpe, p. 278. In the year 1139 a Council of Lateran condemned murderers of the clergy to excommunication, removable by the Pope alone (Labbé, tom. xxi. p. 530). Nevertheless we find Archbishop Richard complaining of want of protection (Petrus Blesensis, _Opera_, Epistola 73, Giles’s ed. i. p. 217, Oxford, 1847; also Hook, _Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury_, ii. p. 577, London, 1862); and Henry II. provided lay penalties (Reeves, _Hist. Eng. Law_, i. p. 133; Lingard, _Hist._ ii. p. 193; Carte, _Hist._ i. p. 689; C. H. Pearson, _History of England during the Early and Middle Ages_, p. 511. London, 1867). Footnote 362: _Vide_ Penitential of Theodore, _De Temperantia Poenitentium_, etc. Footnote 363: Penitential of Ecgberht, Archbishop of York (eighth century), Thorpe, p. 377. “The common penance for murder” (ninth century) was seven to ten years. Footnote 364: J. Johnson, _Laws and Canons_, note E, ii. p. 11. Footnote 365: