Coulton, _Chaucer and His England_, p. 288. Lea, _Studies in Church History_, p. 189. “Degradation was a penalty rarely inflicted, since the Church was reluctant to admit that the sacred office once conferred could be taken away for any offence short of heresy.”—Davis, _Normans and Angevins_, p. 207. Footnote 407: Degraded clerks were forbidden to live in the world as laymen by a Council of Rouen.—_C. Rothomagense_, c. 12, A.D. 1074. Those who threw off their habit were not to be admitted into the army or into any convent of clerks, but were to be esteemed excommunicate.—Lanfranc’s _Canons_, c. 12, A.D. 1071; J. J. ii. 9. Footnote 408: Lecourayer, _Concile du Trente_, tom. i. p. 543. Footnote 409: Stubbs, _Ecc. Courts Comm._, 1883, Appendix ii. p. 57. Footnote 410: A lay officer was supposed to be present to take over the fallen cleric into his custody.—_Cath. Ency._ iv. p. 678. Footnote 411: _C. Remense_, A.D. 1157. Footnote 412: _C. Oxoniense_, A.D. 1166. Footnote 413: _C. Turonense_, A.D. 1163. Footnote 414: 2 Hen. IV. c. 15. Footnote 415: Lea, _Hist. Inq. Middle Ages_, i. p. 222. A deacon was burned at Oxford in 1222, having been tried before Archbishop Langton for embracing Judaism in order to marry a Jewess.[418] From that time until 1400 no one is said to have been burned to death for heresy in England.—Maitland, _Law Quarterly Review_, ii. p. 153. London, 1886. Footnote 416: Professor E. P. Evans throws an interesting side-light on this offence. “It seems rather odd,” he observes, “that the Christian lawgivers should have adopted the Jewish code against sexual intercourse with beasts, and then enlarged it so as to include the Jews themselves. The question was gravely discussed by jurists whether cohabitation of a Christian with a Jewess, or _vice versa_, constitutes sodomy. Damhouder (_Prax. rer. crim._ c. 96, n. 48) is of the opinion that it does, and Nicolaus Boër (_Decis_, 136, n. 5) cites the case of a certain Johannes Alardus or Jean Alard who kept a Jewess in his house in Paris and had several children by her; he was convicted of sodomy on account of this relation and burned, together with his paramour, ‘since coition with a Jewess is precisely the same as if a man should copulate with a dog’ (_Döpl. Theat._ ii. p. 157). Damhouder includes Turks and Saracens in the same category.”—_The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals_, p. 152. London, 1906. Footnote 417: Lea, _Middle Ages_, i. pp. 220, 221, etc. Footnote 418: A pious old lady left a bequest to the city of London to defray the expenses of incinerating misbelievers.—Meiklejohn, _Hist._ i. 223. Footnote 419: W. Stubbs, _Charters_, p. 136. Footnote 420: G. B. Adams, _Political History_, p. 270. London, 1905. Footnote 421: