Footnote 596: It became a common prayer with women of the humbler class that they might not live to be old. It was sufficient to be aged, poor, or half-crazed to ensure death at the stake or on the scaffold.—Mackay, _Delusions_, p. 116. Footnote 597: _History of Rationalism_, p. 3. Footnote 598: Mackay, _Delusions_, p. 159. Footnote 599: Lecky, _History of Rationalism_, p. 4. Footnote 600: Quoted by W. B. Gerish, _A Hertfordshire Witch_. London, 1906. Footnote 601: Mackay, _Delusions_, p. 139. Footnote 602: H. C. Lea, _History of the Inquisition in Spain_. New York, 1907. Footnote 603: W. F. Poole, _Salem Witchcraft_. Boston, 1869. Footnote 604: 300,000 women are said to have been slaughtered since Innocent’s Bull of 1484. See an important article in _Chamber’s Encyclopædia_, x. p. 698, ed. of 1901. Footnote 605: F. de Raemond, _L’Antichrist_, p. 102. One writer estimated the number of sorcerers living in Europe at 1,800,000. See Calmeil, tom. i. p. 217. Footnote 606: James Howell, _Familiar Letters_, 1688. Footnote 607: Scot, _Discoverie_, p. 16. Footnote 608: _Ency. Brit._ ninth ed. vol. xxiv. p. 622. Footnote 609: “On the enactment of the statute to repeal the law, vanished all those imaginary powers so absurdly attributed to old women oppressed with age and poverty.”—H. Arnot, _Criminal Trials_, p. 369. Footnote 610: The late Mr. Gurney, of the Psychical Research Society, found, after a most extensive investigation, “a total absence of respectable evidence, and an almost total absence of any first-hand evidence at all, for those phenomena of magic and witchcraft which cannot be accounted for as the results of diseased imagination, hysteria, hypnotism, and occasionally, perhaps, telepathy.”—_Phantasms of the Living_, i. p. 172. Footnote 611: See E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii. p. 130. Footnote 612: J. B. Tuke in the _Ency. Brit._ Footnote 613: E. Westermarck, _The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, i. p. 269. Footnote 614: Westermarck, _Moral Ideas_, i. p. 270. Footnote 615: E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii. p. 117. Footnote 616: See, for instance, the story called “The Sleeper Awakened” in the _Arabian Nights_. Footnote 617: The severities to which the insane were subjected by various tribes are mentioned by Westermarck in _Moral Ideas_, i. p. 271. Footnote 618: John Conolly, _Treatment of the Insane_, p. 4. London, 1856. Footnote 619: F. Beach, _Psychology in John Hunter’s Time_; “they served as a sport to visitors at assizes, fairs, and other times,” p. 4. Hunterian Oration. London, 1891. Footnote 620: For an account of these wandering Tom o’ Bedlams, see Isaac D’Israeli, _Curiosities of Literature_, ii. p. 343. London, 1849. Footnote 621: “Come, march to wakes and fairs and market-town. Poor Tom, thy horn is dry.”—_Lear_, iii. 6. Footnote 622: _Lear_, iii. 4.