See M. Esquirol, _Mémoire sur la Maison Royale de Charenton_, p. 10. Footnote 677: D. H. Tuke, _Hist._ p. 52. Footnote 678: W. Besant, _London in the Time of the Stuarts_, p. 237. Footnote 679: J. B. Tuke, art. “Insanity,” _Ency. Brit._ ninth ed. Footnote 680: Many asylums were built under the Act of 1808, but before that the pauper patients had been “crowded into the damp dungeons of our public workhouses, or shut up in houses of detention and ill-regulated prisons.”—A. Halliday, _Lunatic Asylums_, p. 10. Footnote 681: _Treatment of the Insane._ Footnote 682: Oscar Wilde, _Ballad of Reading Gaol_, p. 24. Footnote 683: Robert Jones, _An Inquiry into the Nature of Nervous Fevers_. London, 1785. Footnote 684: W. Cullen, _First Lines of the Practice of Physic_, iv. p. 153. Edinburgh, 1789. Footnote 685: Cullen, p. 171. Footnote 686: _Ibid._ p. 164. See also R. Mead, _Monita et praecepta medica_, p. 67; he says, however, that fast binding is sufficient. London, 1751. Footnote 687: Page 149, _ante_. Dr. Haslam flogged lunatics at stated periods to avert outbreaks.—Conolly, p. 12. Footnote 688: D. H. Tuke, _Hist._ p. 107. F. Beach, _Psychological Medicine_. He also alludes to John Wesley’s _Prescriptions_, p. 6, etc. Andrew Wynter, _The Borderland of Insanity_, J. M. Granville’s ed. p. 70. London, 1877. Footnote 689: “The vagrant action of the limbs was suppressed, but the source of irritation in the brain was left out of consideration.”—Conolly. Footnote 690: Quoted by Beach, Hunterian Oration, 1891. Footnote 691: W. Massie, _A History of England during the Reign of George III._, iii. p. 207. London, 1865. See also J. M. D. Meiklejohn, _Hist. Eng._ Pt. ii. p. 330. Footnote 692: Massie, _Hist._ p. 208. Footnote 693: Wynter, _Insanity_, p. 80. Footnote 694: J. H. Jesse, _Memoirs of the Life of George III._, iii. pp. 95 and 274. Later on he was placed in the better care of Dr. Willis, a clergyman who was much celebrated for his management of mad people; see Jesse, iii. p. 90, etc. Footnote 695: Hunterian Oration, p. 5. Footnote 696: Besant, _London in the Eighteenth Century_, p. 377. See also Charles Reade’s book, _Hard Cash_. Footnote 697: See Conolly’s description of the old-time reception of a private patient.—_Treatment of the Insane_, p. 138. Footnote 698: D. H. Tuke, _Hist._ p. 171. Footnote 699: R. Gardner Hill, _Lunacy; its Past and its Present_, p. 7. London, 1870. Footnote 700: R. Gardner Hill, p. 6. Footnote 701: J. B. Sharpe, _Report and Minutes of Evidence on the Madhouses of England_; evidence of G. Higgins, pp. 12 and 13; of R. Fowler, p. 308; and of H. Alabaster, p. 326. London, 1815. Footnote 702: _Edinburgh Review_, xxviii. p. 445. Edinburgh, 1817. Footnote 703: Jonathan Gray, _History of York Asylum_, p. 12. York, 1815. Footnote 704: