§ 4. Anglicised German (Prose), p. 56. IX. English influenced by German, pp. 57-63. § 1. German words introduced, p. 57. § 2. Family names modified, p. 60. X. Imperfect English, pp. 64-69. § 1. Broken English, p. 64. § 2. The Breitmann Ballads, p. 66. PENNSYLVANISCH DEITSCH. CHAPTER I. PEOPLE--HISTORY--LOCATION--CONDITION. The reciprocal influence of languages affords an interesting subject of investigation, and it is the object of this essay to present an outline of a dialect which has been formed within a century, and which continues to be spoken, subject to the influences which developed it. Of such languages, English, Wallachian, and Hindûstânî, are familiar examples. Like other languages, the dialect of German known as Pennsylvania Dutch presents variations due to the limited intercourse of a widely-scattered agricultural population, and to the several dialects brought from abroad, chiefly from the region of the Upper Rhine, and the Neckar, the latter furnishing the Suabian or Rhenish Bavarian element. The language is therefore South German, as brought in by emigrants from Rhenish Bavaria, Baden, Alsace (Alsatia), Würtemberg, German Swisserland, and Darmstadt. There were also natives from other regions, with certain French Neutrals deported from Nova Scotia to various parts of the United States, including the county (Lancaster) where the materials for this essay have been collected. These, and probably some families with French names from Alsace, are indicated by a few proper names, like _Roberdeau_, _Lebo_, _Deshong_ and _Shunk_ (both for _Dejean_), and an occasional word like _júschtaménnt_ (in German spelling), the French _justement_, but which a native might take for a condensation of _just-an-dem-ende_. Welsh names like _Jenkins_, _Evans_, _Owen_, _Foulke_, _Griffith_, _Morgan_, and _Jones_ occur, with the township names of _Brecknock_, _Caernarvon_, _Lampeter_, _Leacock_ ('Lea' as _lay_), and in the next county of Chester--_Gwinedd_ and _Tredyffrin_; but there seems to have been no fusion between Welsh and German, probably because the Welsh may have spoken English. Local names like _Hanōver_, _Heidelberg_ and _Manheim_, indicate whence some of the early residents came. The French-American _ville_ appears in German Pennsylvania, in _Bechtelville_, _Engelsville_, _Greshville_, _Lederachsville_, _Scherksville_, _Schwenksville_, _Silberlingsville_, _Wernersville_, _Zieglerville_; paralleled by the English _town_ in _Kutztown_, _Mertztown_, _Schäfferstown_, _Straustown_; _burg_ in _Ickesburg_, _Landisburg_, _Rehrersburg_; and the German _dorf_ has a representative in _Womelsdorf_.