[45] The usual German is _ast_, pl. _äste_. Schmeller (_Mundarten Bayerns_, art. 610) notices the following examples of this initial _n_ in Bavarian dialects; his phonetical spelling is given in italics, and interpreted into the present in brackets: der _Nà'n_ [Noon] 'Àthen: _Nàst_ [nost] Ast; die Nàſ'n [noozn] 'Àsen; _Naſſ·l_ [nassl] Assel; _Nárb_ [narb] Arb; _Neichté_ [neichte] Eichte; _Nuǝrǝ’_ Nuǝrǝ Urhab; _Nueſch_ [Nuesch] Uesch. In art. 545 he also gives the form ǝ _Lueſsch_, and in art. 636, the form _ẽRàuſ·n_, for Uesch, a gutter, and 'A'sen, a beam or joist. _Nárb_ is the staple on the door, which carries the padlock; _Eicht_ is a little while. The following are examples of omitted initial _n_, (ib. art. 611); _dǝr 'Apoleon_ Napoleon; _'idǝ'_ nider, _'Ánkinet_ Nanquinet; _'Impfǝburg_ Nymphenburg; ganz _'atürli'_ natürlich; _'ében_, _'iǝbm_ neben; _'achǝr_, _'achǝ’_ nachher; _'E'st_, _'iǝſt_ Nest. St. Antwein und St. Nantwein, Aventin Chron. Edit. v. 1566, fol. 470.--Compare the English added initial _n_ in _nickname_ (nekename for ekename, see Pr. Parv.), _niggot_, _nugget_ for ingot; _newt_ for eft, ewt; _nawl_ for awl; _nunkle_ for uncle; _Nan_, _Ned_, _Noll_, for Anne, Edward, Oliver:--and the omitted initial _n_ in _adder_ (old edres and neddres), _apron_ for napron, _eyas_ for nias.--_A. J. Ellis._ [46] Poems. By Rachel Bahn. York, Pa. 1869. Containing twenty pages of "Poems in Pennsylvania Dutch." Noticed by me in Trübner's _American and Oriental Literary Record_, Jan. 24, 1870, p. 634. The following may be consulted also: Gemälde aus dem Pennsylvanischen Volksleben ... von L. A. Wollenweber. Philadelphia und Leipzig. Schäfer und Konradi, 1869. Harbaugh's Harfe. Gedichte in Pennsylvanisch-Deutscher Mundart. Philadelphia, Reformed Church Publication Board, 1870. On the German Vernacular of Pennsylvania. By S. S. Haldeman. Trans. Am. Philological Association, 1869-70. Lancaster Pa. WEEKLY ENTERPRISE (newspaper), with a weekly article by Mr. Rauch. Der Waffenlose Wächter (monthly newspaper). Gap P.O., Lancaster Co. Pa. Early English Pronunciation, ... by Alexander J. Ellis, F.R.S., F.S.A. London, 1871. Twelve pages (652-65) are devoted to Pennsylvania German. P'älzische G'schichte' ... von Franz von Kobell. München, 1863. In the main, this little volume of 'Palatinate Stories' comes nearer to Pennsylvania German than any other I have seen. CHAPTER VII. COMPARISONS WITH OTHER DIALECTS. § 1. PG. _not Swiss_. PG. is not Swiss, altho it has a number of Swiss characteristics, and the line (Radlof, 2, 68)-- "Was isch säll für e sufere kärli?" is very near its PG. form-- Was isch sel f'r ǝ saubǝr kærli? _What sort of cleanly fellow is that?_