In these pages an _average_ speech is assumed as the basis of comparison, and also the average German who does one thing or avoids another in language. In such examples of bad English, surd and sonant (_p_,_b_; _t_,_d_; _k_,_gay_) must be confused, and German words like 'mit' for _with_, and 'ding' (rather than 'ting' or 'sing') for _thing_, may be introduced at discretion, as in Mr. Leland's use of _ding_, _mit_, _blitzen_, _erstaun_ished (for _-isht_), _Himmel_, _shlog_, and others. When German and English have the same phrase, it should be preserved, _book_ (G. _buch_) has a sonant initial and a surd final in both languages; a German therefore, who brings his habits of speech into English, will not be likely to call a book a _boog_, _poog_, or _pook_; and Mr. Leland's habits as a German scholar have led him to write _book_, _beer_ (and _bier_), _fear_, _free_, _drink_, _denn_, _trink_, _stately_, _plow_, _born_, _dokter_, _togeder_, _hart_ (hard), _heart_, _tead_ (dead), _fought_, _frolic_, _goot_, _four_, _hat_ (had, hat,--but in the latter sense it should have been _het_), _toes_, _dough_ (though), _tousand_, _pills_, etc. Under this rule, his 'ploot' and 'blood' (G. blut) should have been _blut_:-- benny _penny_ blace _place_ blaster _plaster_ breest _priest_ creen _green_ deers _tears_ dell _tell_ den _ten_ dwelve _tvelf_ dwice _tvice_ fifdy _fifty_ giss _kiss_ led _let_ mighdy _mighty_ pack n. _back_ pall _băll_ peard _beart_ pecause _becauss_ pefore _before_ pegin _begin_ pehind _behint_ plue _blue_ pone _bone_ prave _brafe_ pranty _brandy_ preak _break_ prings _bringss_ prown _brown_ py _by_ prow _brow_ sed _to set_ streed _shtreet_ veet _feet_ vifdeen _fifteen_ vine _fine_ wide _vite_ In cases where the two languages do not agree in phase, either phase may be taken, as in 'troo' or 'droo' for English _through_ with a surd initial, beside German _durch_ with a sonant; but as German cognate finals are more likely to be surd than sonant (as in loc_k_wou_t_h for lo_g_woo_d_ at the end of Ch. I. p. 6), _goot_, _hart_ and _holt_, as breitmannish forms, are better than _good_, _hard_, and _hold_. Mr. Leland practically admits this, as in 'barrick' (G. _berg_, a hill), which, however, many will take for a _barrack_.[94] The following have a different phase in German and English:--