Seals of the Palominos Islands 16 Sachacha, a Typical Village of Peru 34 Pampa de los Huesos--the Field of Bones 42 A Characteristic Peruvian Church 58 Wolfenbüttel-Spanish Map, _circa_ 1529 72 One of the first maps to show Pizarro’s discoveries along the Peruvian coast. A View of Paita from the _Miroir Oost & West Indical_, 1621 82 Grapes raised by the Barefoot Friars (_los Descalzos_), Lima 106 A Franciscan Friar at Home, Lima 112 Santa Rosa de Lima, from _Het Wonder Leven van de H. Rosa, Brussel_, 1668 118 A Glimpse of Old-Fashioned Lima 132 A Trestle of the Highest Railway in the World, across the _Infiernillo_ 144 Alpacas on the Andean Puna 156 A God of Tiahuanacu 164 A Swinging Bridge near Jauja 174 An Heir of the “Makers of Ruins” 186 Indian Water Carrier, Sicuani 192 In the Market, _Plaza Principal_, Cuzco 200 A Market in Huancayo 206 In a Fertile Valley of the Uplands 212 An Indian Pastoral 218 Llamas at the Falls of Morococha 226 In the Valley of the Perené 242 A Sloth, from the _Historiae Rerum Naturalium Brasiliae_, Amsterdam, 1648 280 INTRODUCTION “Qui peut dire où réside le charme d’un pays? Qui trouvera ce quelque chose d’intime et d’insaisissable que rien n’exprime dans les langues humaines?” PIERRE LOTI Peru, A Land of Contrasts INTRODUCTION Any statement regarding Peru implies a contrary statement equally valid. Contrast is its characteristic quality, true as to the general aspects of the country and ramifying through remote details. It is the obvious point of view from which to study Peru.