Missionary College of Ocopa.—Its foundation, utility, downfall, and decree for its restoration.—Introduction of Christianity along the rivers Marañon, Huallaga, and Ucayali, &c. by the Jesuits and Franciscans.—Letter from Friar Manuel Plaza, the last great missionary of Ocopa, to the prefect of Junin. 113 CHAPTER V. Christianized Indians of the Interior.—Their condition and character.—Hardships imposed on them.—Desire of revenge. 143 CHAPTER VI. War of Independence.—Unsettled state of the country at the close of 1835 and early in 1836.—Gamarra’s Government.—Insurrections.—Guerilla and Freebooters.—Foreign Marines.—Lima invaded from the castles of Callao, under command of Solar.—Orbegoso enters Lima.—Castles of Callao taken by assault.—Battle of Socabaya.—Salaverry taken prisoner.—Execution.—Public tranquillity hoped for under the protection of Santa-Cruz. 169 CHAPTER VII. On Climate and Disease.—Panama, Guayaquil, Peru, and Chile. 196 APPENDIX. On the Zoology of Western Peru 237 Geognostic description of the country in the environs of Arequipa, with an Analysis of the Mineral Waters in the vicinity of the same city 266 Steam Navigation 286 Ecclesiastical Jubilee 291 Adieu to Lima 303 ERRATA. Page 13, line 9, _for_ polv_e_rilla and ma_ssis_a _read_ polv_o_rilla and ma_ciz_a. 128, ” 17, and in all other instances, _for_ Pozu_r_o _read_ Pozu_z_o. 187, ” 2, _for_ reali_s_e _read_ reali_z_e. 239, ” 6, _for_ the aborigines _read_ those. Transcriber’s Note: The errata have been corrected but otherwise the original spelling (in both English and Spanish) has been preserved. PERU AS IT IS. CHAPTER I. Site, population, and climate of Cerro Pasco.—Houses.—Coal, and other kinds of fuel.—Timber for use of the mines, &c.—Where brought from.—Fruit and provisions.—Mines.—Mantadas.—Boliches.—Habilitador.—Mint.—Returns of the mines.—Banks of Rescate.—Pasco foundery. The town of Cerro Pasco, about fourteen thousand feet above the level of the sea, has its site in an irregular hollow on the northern side of a group of small hills, which commence at Old Pasco on the north-east limit of the high table-land of Bombon.