PETROLEUM BY ALBERT LIDGETT EDITOR OF THE “PETROLEUM TIMES” LATE EDITOR OF THE “PETROLEUM REVIEW” LONDON SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD., 1 AMEN CORNER, E.C.4 BATH, MELBOURNE AND NEW YORK PRINTED BY SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD., LONDON, BATH, MELBOURNE AND NEW YORK PREFACE Although numerous volumes have been written upon petroleum, and some very educational works on this important subject are to be found in technological literature, it is strange that prior to the appearance of this little book, it has been impossible to turn to any publication which deals with this Common Commodity of Commerce in a popular manner. Of a truth, we to-day live in an age of Oil, for the products of petroleum are inseparable from our daily life. Refined petroleum breathes the breath of power to the internal combustion engine which claims a realm of its own on land and sea, in the air, and under ocean waters; it also gives artificial light to countless millions in all corners of the world under a variety of circumstances and dissimilar conditions, while the wheels of industry unceasingly revolve consequent upon oil lubrication. And in no sphere of commercial and industrial activity has greater progress been made during the past few decades than in regard to the multiplication in the uses of the products of petroleum. The avenues for advantageous consumption are constantly increasing, and this to such an extent that the production of crude petroleum--enormous though this is--has been outstripped by the demands for the refined product. In the following pages I have striven to deal with the chief phases of the petroleum industry in a manner which, I have reason to believe, will be acceptable to the general reader, and the fact that the volume is written in language free from technicalities, will, I trust, render it particularly interesting to those who would know something of that immense class of commercial products covered by the name “Petroleum.” ALBERT LIDGETT. ROYAL AUTOMOBILE CLUB, PALL MALL, LONDON, S.W.1. CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE PREFACE iii I. PETROLEUM AND ITS ORIGIN 1 II. THE OIL-FIELDS OF THE WORLD 6 III. HOW PETROLEUM IS PRODUCED 41 IV. THE REFINING OF PETROLEUM 51 V. TRANSPORT BY LAND AND SEA 63 VI. PETROLEUM AS FUEL 76 VII. PETROLEUM AS A LIGHTING AGENT 89 VIII. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 95 IX. PETROLEUM IN ENGLAND 104 X. PETROLEUM IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE 114 XI. PETROLEUM’S PART IN THE GREAT WAR 123 XII. THE SCOTTISH SHALE-OIL INDUSTRY 132 XIII. A FEW NOTABLE PETROLEUM ENTERPRISES 148 XIV. STATISTICAL 158 INDEX 165 [Illustration: