Foreign Statesmen PHILIP II. OF SPAIN [Illustration: colophon] PHILIP II. OF SPAIN BY MARTIN A. S. HUME EDITOR OF THE ‘CALENDAR OF SPANISH STATE PAPERS OF ELIZABETH’ (PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE) _Philippus ipse Hispaniæ desiderio magnopere aestuabat, nec aliud quam Hispaniam loquebatur._ SEPULVEDA. MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN’S STREET, LONDON 1911 COPYRIGHT _First Edition 1897_ _Reprinted 1899, 1906, 1911_ CONTENTS CHAPTER I Philip’s failure, and the reasons for it--His birth and infancy--His appearance and character--His education by Siliceo and Zuñiga--The emperor meets his son--The consolidation of authority in Spain--Suggestions for marriage with Jeanne d’Albret--Philip made Regent of Spain--The emperor’s instructions to his son--His system of government--Character of his councillors--Philip’s marriage with Maria of Portugal--Birth of Don Carlos and death of the princess--Doña Isabel de Osorio--Philip in his domestic relations--Project for securing to Philip the imperial crown--The suzerainty of Spain over Italy--Philip’s voyage through Germany.....Page 1 CHAPTER II The union of the Low Countries to Spain--The Italian suzerainty--The effects thereof--Etiquette of the House of Burgundy adopted in Spain--Ruy Gomez--Philip’s voyage--His unpopularity with Germans and Flemings--Fresh proposals for his marriage--The family compact for the imperial succession--Defection of Maurice of Saxony--War with France--Treaty of Passau--Defeat of the emperor at Metz.....20 CHAPTER III Proposal to marry Philip to Queen Mary of England--The need for alliance with England--The negotiations of Renard--Opposition of France--Unpopularity of the match in England--Philip’s voyage to England--His affability--His first interview with Mary--The marriage--Philip made King of Naples--Failure of the objects of the marriage--Philip’s policy in England--Pole’s mission--Philip and the persecution of Catholics in England--Philip’s disappointment and departure.....30 CHAPTER IV Philip in favour of a moderate policy in England--His attitude towards religion generally--He requests armed aid from England against the French--The emperor’s embarrassments in Italy--Alba made Philip’s viceroy in Italy--Factions in Philip’s court--Ruy Gomez and Alba--The emperor’s abdication--Philip’s changed position--His attitude towards the papacy--The Spanish Church--Pope Paul IV. and the Spaniards in Italy--Excommunication of Philip--Invasion of Rome by Alba--Philip’s second visit to England.....43