Citizens of the Philippine Islands, "Memorial to the Council," Manila, 1586. Gobernadorcillo Nicolas Ramos, "Affidavit for Governor Dasmariñas," Cubao, 1591. Chief Miguel Banal, "Petition to the King of Spain," Manila, 1609. Governor Manuel Azcarraga y Palmero, "La Libertad de Comercio en las Islas Filipinas," Madrid, 1872. Gregorio Sangclanco y Gozon, LL. D., "El Progreso de Filipinas," Madrid, 1884. Dr. Jose Rizal Mercado y Alonso, "Annotations to Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas," Paris, 1890. Rizal's La Indolencia de los Filipinos, Madrid. 1889. T. H. Pardo de Tavera, M. D., "Philippine Census, Volume I, History," Manila, 1903. Tavera's Resultados del Desarrollo Economico de Filipinas, Manila, 1912. Antonio M. Regidor, D.C.L., (with J. Warren T. Mason), "Commercial Progress in the Philippine Islands," London, 1905. Made in Manila--Press of E. C. McCullough & Co.--The Work of Filipinos INTRODUCTION Need of more study of Philippine Economic Development. The Spanish writers, and with them the Filipinos as well as, to a great extent, writers of Philippine treatises in other languages, have over-emphasized the political history of the Philippines. The history of this country has been regarded but as the history of the Spaniards in it, and not of its people, the Filipinos. [1] Hence arises the need of studying our history from the point of view of the development of our people, especially to trace and show the part played by them in Philippine social progress as a whole. [2] The study of the economic history of a country is important also because economic forces play a great part in the development of any people. Indeed, some claim that all history may be explained in terms of economic motives. This is known as the economic interpretation of history. [3] Without going into the controversy centering around this theory, we can readily see that what we know as civilization has a two-fold basis, the physical and the psychical. And it is only after the physical basis is secured, that further psychical advance is possible. "Among all species, and in every stage of evolution, the extent of aggregation and its place or position are determined by external physical conditions. Even when men have become united by sympathies and beliefs, the possibility of perpetuating their union is a question of the character and resources of their environment. The distribution of food is the dominating fact. Animals and men dwell together where a food supply is found, or may be certainly and easily produced. Other physical circumstances of the environment, however, such as temperature and exposure, surface and altitude, which make life in some places comparatively easy, in others difficult or impossible, exert an influence not to be overlooked." (Franklin Henry Giddings, The Principles of Sociology, p. 82. New York: 1911.)