Philosophical Letters: or, modest Reflections upon some Opinions in Natural PhilosophyNewcastle, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of
Philosophy
Philosophical Letters: or, modest Reflections upon some Opinions in Natural Philosophy
Newcastle, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of
Newcastle, William Cavendish, Duke of, 1592-1676; Philosophy
do readily subscribe unto it; but when he speaks of those _things,
which are produced without life_, my reason cannot find out, what, or
where they should be; for certainly, in Nature they are not, Nature
being Life and Soul her self, and all her parts being enlivened and
soulified, so that there can be no generation or natural production
without Life. Neither is my sense and reason capable to understand his
meaning, when he says, That the _Seeds of things, and the Spirits,
as the Dispensers thereof, are divided from the Material Cause_: For
I do see no difference betwixt the Seed, and the material Cause, but
they are all one thing, it being undeniable, that the seed is the
matter of that which is produced. But your _Author_ was pleased to say
heretofore, that there are but two beginnings or causes of natural
things, and now he makes so many more; for, says he, Of _Efficient
and Seminal Causes, some are efficiently effecting, and others
effectively effecting_: which nice distinctions, in my opinion, do
but make a confusion in natural knowledg, setting a mans brain on the
rack; for who is able to conceive all those _Chymæras_ and Fancies of
the _Archeus, Ferment,_ various _Ideas, Blas, Gas,_ and many more,
which are neither something nor no-thing in Nature, but betwixt both,
except a man have the same Fancies, Visions and Dreams, your _Author_
had? Nature is easie to be understood, and without any difficulty,
so as we stand in no need to frame so many strange names, able to
fright any body. Neither do natural bodies know many prime causes and
beginnings, but there is but one onely chief and prime cause from which
all effects and varieties proceed, which cause is corporeal Nature,
or natural self-moving Matter, which forms and produces all natural
things; and all the variety and difference of natural Creatures arises
from her various actions, which are the various motions in Nature;
some whereof are Regular, some Irregular: I mean Irregular, as to
particular Creatures, not as to Nature her self, for Nature cannot
be disturbed or discomposed, or else all would run into confusion;
Wherefore Irregularities do onely concern particular Creatures, not
Infinite Nature; and the Irregularities of some parts may cause the
Irregularities of other Parts, as the Regularities of some parts do
cause the Regularities of others: And thus according as Regularities
and Irregularities have power, they cause either Peace or War, Sickness
or Health, Delight and Pleasure, or Grief and Pain, Life or Death, to
particular Creatures or parts of Nature; but all these various actions
are but various Effects, and not prime Causes; which is well to be
observed, lest we confound Causes with Effects. And so leaving this
discourse for the present, I rest,
Madam,
_Your Faithful Friend_
_and Servant._
[1] Van Helm, _in his Book intituled_, Physick Refined, _ch._ 4. _of
the Causes and beginning of natural things._
II.
_MADAM,_
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