The tubular or hollow branched coralline mosses are not the only kinds upon which the rein-deer will feed. Almost all the lichens are abundantly more plentiful in those northern, than in these more southerly climates. There are several species with solid branches; one, which Dillenius calls _The crisp warty Alpine coralloides_[88], which is almost as plentiful as the common sort, and is equally acceptable to those animals[89]. It was before observed, that, in defect of these mosses, the black _mane usnea_ is a substitute equally acceptable to those animals. Another of the most remarkable and useful plants of this division is the _orchel_[90], or _argol_, as it is commonly called. This enters more into œconomical uses among us than any other of the whole genus. How considerable an article it forms in the dying trade, in which its uses are various and extensive, is very well known. Its tinging property has been known from ancient times; and some of our most celebrated botanic writers are of opinion, that it was used as a dye even in the days of Theophrastus. That father of botany mentions a _fucus_, which, he says, grew upon the rocks about the island of Crete; and that they dyed woollen garments of a purple, or rather a red colour, with it. It grows on the rocks by the sea-coast in many parts of the Archipelago, and in the Canary Islands; from whence we generally import it, as well as from the Cape Verd, which afford it in plenty. The demand for _orchel_ is so great, that Mr. Hellot[91], of the Royal Academy of Sciences, informs us, they gather yearly, upon an average, from the isle of Teneriffe 500 quintals, which amounts to 25 ton weight; from the Canary Islands 400 quintals, from Forteventura 300, from Lancerota 300, the same from Gomera, and from Ferro 800. The way of manufacturing the _orchel_ for the uses of dying, was for a considerable time a secret in few hands; but it is now done in London, and other parts of Europe, to great perfection. Mr. Ray, from Imperatus, gives a brief account of the process[92]. Micheli has since delivered a more exact detail of it. His, at least, seems to be the method[93], which the dyers at Florence used. From both these accounts, urine and pot-ash appear to be the principal ingredients used in extracting its colour.