Transcriber’s Note: Italics are enclosed in _underscores_. Additional notes will be found near the end of this ebook. PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY _By_ Bertrand Russell [Illustration] NEW YORK W · W · NORTON & COMPANY, INC. _Publishers_ Copyright, 1927, BERTRAND RUSSELL Published in Great Britain under the title “An Outline of Philosophy” PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FOR THE PUBLISHERS BY THE VAN REES PRESS CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. PHILOSOPHIC DOUBTS 1 PART I MAN FROM WITHOUT II. MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT 16 III. THE PROCESS OF LEARNING IN ANIMALS AND INFANTS 29 IV. LANGUAGE 43 V. PERCEPTION OBJECTIVELY REGARDED 58 VI. MEMORY OBJECTIVELY REGARDED 70 VII. INFERENCE AS A HABIT 79 VIII. KNOWLEDGE BEHAVIOURISTICALLY CONSIDERED 88 PART II THE PHYSICAL WORLD IX. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 97 X. RELATIVITY 107 XI. CAUSAL LAWS IN PHYSICS 114 XII. PHYSICS AND PERCEPTION 123 XIII. PHYSICAL AND PERCEPTUAL SPACE 137 XIV. PERCEPTION AND PHYSICAL CAUSAL LAWS 144 XV. THE NATURE OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF PHYSICS 151 PART III MAN FROM WITHIN XVI. SELF-OBSERVATION 161 XVII. IMAGES 176 XVIII. IMAGINATION AND MEMORY 187 XIX. THE INTROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF PERCEPTION 201 XX. CONSCIOUSNESS? 210 XXI. EMOTION, DESIRE, AND WILL 218 XXII. ETHICS 225 PART IV THE UNIVERSE XXIII. SOME GREAT PHILOSOPHIES OF THE PAST 236 XXIV. TRUTH AND FALSEHOOD 254 XXV. THE VALIDITY OF INFERENCE 266 XXVI. EVENTS, MATTER, AND MIND 276 XXVII. MAN’S PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE 292 PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER I PHILOSOPHIC DOUBTS