PHILOSOPHY AND THE SOCIAL PROBLEM [Illustration: colophon] THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO PHILOSOPHY AND THE SOCIAL PROBLEM BY WILL DURANT, PH.D. INSTRUCTOR IN PHILOSOPHY, EXTENSION TEACHING COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY τὁν μἑν βἱον ἡ φὑσις ἑδωκε, το δἑ καλὡς ζἡν ἡ τἑχνη. --UNKNOWN DRAMATIC POET. NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1917 _All rights reserved_ COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published September, 1917. Norwood Press J. S. Cushing Co.--Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. TO ALDEN FREEMAN CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 PART I HISTORICAL APPROACH CHAPTER I THE PRESENT SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SOCRATIC ETHIC I. History as rebarbarization 5 II. Philosophy as disintegrator 6 III. Individualism in Athens 7 IV. The Sophists 9 V. Intelligence as virtue 12 VI. The meaning of virtue 15 VII. “Instinct” and “reason” 23 VIII. The secularization of morals 27 IX. “Happiness” and “virtue” 31 X. The Socratic challenge 33 CHAPTER II PLATO: PHILOSOPHY AS POLITICS I. The man and the artist 36 II. How to solve the social problem 40 III. On making philosopher-kings 44 IV. Dishonest democracy 52 V. Culture and slavery 55