Gall places the love of offspring in the posterior lobes of the brain.[111] Now, the love of offspring, and especially maternal love, is every where to be found among the superior animals; it is found in all the mammifera, in all the birds.[112] The posterior lobes of the brain, therefore, ought to be found in all these beings. Not at all: the posterior lobes are wanting in most of the mammifera; they are wanting in all the birds. Gall locates the faculties that are common to both man and animals, in the posterior part of the brain; in the anterior part he places those[113] that are peculiar to man alone. According to this plan, the most _persistent_ portion of the brain will be the posterior portion, and the least persistent the anterior portion. But the inverse of the proposition holds. The parts that are most frequently wanting are the _posterior parts_, and those that are most invariably present are the _anterior parts_.[114] If, from the brain, I pass on to consider the cranium, all the foregoing is found to be of still greater force. How can the localizations that are destitute of meaning as to the brain—how can they, I say, have any meaning as relative to the cranium itself? The cranium, especially the external surface of it, represents the superficial configuration of the brain but very imperfectly. Gall knows it. “I was the first,” says he, “to maintain that it is impossible for us to determine with exactitude the development of certain circumvolutions, by the inspection of the external surface of the cranium. In certain cases, the exterior lamina of the cranium is not parallel with the internal lamina.”[115] “There are certain species in which there is no frontal sinus; in others, the cells betwixt the two bony laminæ are found throughout the whole skull,”[116] &c. &c. The cranium represents the convolutions of the brain only upon its inner surface; it does not represent them upon its external superficies. And as to the _fibres_, as to the _bundles of fibres_, it does not even represent them on its inner surface; for the fibres are covered with a layer of gray matter, and the bundles of fibres are situated in the interior of the nervous mass. Gall is aware of all this, and nevertheless he inscribes his twenty-seven faculties upon the skulls.[117] Such confidence surprises one. Nothing is known of the intimate structure of the brain,[118] and yet people are bold enough to trace upon it their circumscriptions, their circles, their boundaries. The external surface of the skull does not represent the brain’s surface, it is admitted; and yet they inscribe upon this surface twenty-seven names, each of which names is written within a small circle, each little circle corresponding to one precise faculty! And what is stranger yet, people are to be found who, under each of these names inscribed by Gall, imagine that there is concealed something more than a name!